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Ðunderstanding€of€the€decisions€it€will€be€called€upon€to€make.€€Ð L ÐààInstructions€12.04„.22€are€to€be€given€after€all€evidence€has€been€presented€and€prior€toÐ ® v Ðdeliberations.Ð šbú ÐÖ€ŽìäÖÓ €Óà@ ìàòòÔ Ô12.01€€INTRODUCTION€TO€PRELIMINARY€INSTRUCTIONSÔ5€¦ÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€ÓààMembers€of€the€jury,€you€have€unanimously€found€the€defendantòò1óó€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó€guilty€of€theÐ <Ø Ðoffense€of€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó€as€charged€in€Countòò€€€€€€€€óó€[repeat€for€each€offense]€of€the€indictment.€€YouÐ ž : Ðmust€now€consider€whether€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€death€is€justified,€or€whether€theÐ œ Ðdefendant€should€be€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€releaseòò2óó[,€or€aÐ bþ Ðlesser€sentence]€for€commission€of€this€[these]€crime[s].€€Ð Ä ` ÐààThis€decision€is€left€exclusively€to€you,€the€jury.€€If€you€determineòò3óó€that€the€defendantÐ &Â Ðshould€be€sentenced€to€death,€or€to€life€imprisonment€without€possibility€of€release,€the€court€isÐ ˆ$ Ðrequired€to€impose€that€sentence.€€Ð ê† ÐààBefore€you€may€consider€whether€to€impose€a€sentence€of€death,€you€must€make€each€ofÐ Lè Ðthe€following€three€findings€unanimously€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt:Ð ®J Ðàà[First,€you€must€find€unanimously€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€defendant€was€atÐ ¬ Ðleast€18€years€of€age€at€the€time€of€the€offense[s]òò4óó;€and]Ð r Ðàà[First]€[Second],€you€must€find€unanimously€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÐ Ôp Ðdefendant€Ð 6Ò Ðààà` à[intentionally€killed€(name€of€victim)]€Ð ˜4 Ðààà` à[intentionally€inflicted€serious€bodily€injury€that€resulted€in€the€death€of€(name€ofÐ ú– Ðvictim)]€Ð \ø" Ðààà` à[intentionally€participated€in€an€act,€contemplating€that€the€life€of€a€person€wouldÐ ¾Z$ Ðbe€taken€or€intending€that€lethal€force€would€be€used€in€connection€with€a€person,€other€than€oneÐ !¼& Ðof€the€participants€in€the€offense,€and€(name€of€victim)€died€as€a€direct€result€of€the€act]€Ð ‚"( Ðààà` à[intentionally€and€specifically€engaged€in€an€act€of€violence,€knowing€that€the€actÐ ä#€* Ðcreated€a€grave€risk€of€death€to€a€person,€other€than€one€of€the€participants€in€the€offense,€suchÐ F%â, Ðthat€participation€in€the€act€constituted€a€reckless€disregard€for€human€life€and€(name€of€victim)Ð ¨&D . Ðdied€as€a€direct€result€of€the€act];€and€Ð (¦!0 Ðàà[Second]€[Third],€you€must€find€unanimously€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ l)#2 Ðgovernment€has€proved€the€existence€of€at€least€one€statutory€aggravating€factor.€€I€will€define€theÐ Î*j$4 Ðterm€"aggravating€factors"€for€you€shortly.Ð 0,Ì%6 ÐààIf,€after€fair€and€impartial€consideration€of€all€the€evidence€in€this€case,€any€one€of€youÐ d Ðdoes€not€make€these€[two]€[three]€findings€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€your€deliberations€will€beÐ Æb Ðover.€€If€you€do€unanimously€make€these€[two]€[three]€findings€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€youÐ ( Ä Ðwill€then€proceed€to€determine€whether€you€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€proved€theÐ Š & Ðexistence€of€any€nonstatutory€aggravating€factors€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€whether€any€ofÐ ìˆ Ðyou€find€that€the€defendant€has€proved€any€mitigating€factors€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€Ð N ê ÐYou€must€then€engage€in€a€weighing€process.€€If€you€unanimously€find€that€the€aggravating€factorÐ °L Ðor€factors,€which€you€all€found€to€exist,€sufficiently€outweigh€any€mitigating€factor€or€factors,Ð ® Ðwhich€any€one€of€youòò5óó€found€to€exist€to€justify€imposition€ofòò6óó€a€sentence€of€death,€or,€if,€in€theÐ t Ðabsence€of€a€mitigating€factor€or€factors,€you€find€that€the€aggravating€factor€or€factors€alone€areÐ Ör Ðsufficient€to€justify€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€death,€and€that€death€is€therefore€the€appropriateÐ 8Ô Ðsentence€in€this€case,€the€law€provides€that€the€defendant€mustòò7óó€be€sentenced€to€death.€Ð š6 ÐààIf,€after€weighing€the€aggravating€and€mitigating€factors,€any€one€of€you€finds€that€aÐ ü˜ Ðsentence€of€death€is€not€justified,€the€jury€must€then€determine€whether€the€defendant€should€beÐ ^ú Ðsentenced€to€life€imprisonment€without€possibility€of€release,€or€be€given€a€lesser€sentence€to€beÐ À\ Ðdetermined€by€the€court.€Ð "¾ ÐààAgain,€whether€or€not€the€circumstances€in€this€case€justify€a€sentence€of€death€is€aÐ „ Ðdecision€that€is€òòentirelyóó€yours.€€[You€must€not€take€anything€I€may€say€or€do€during€this€phase€ofÐ æ‚" Ðthe€trial€as€indicating€[what€I€think€of€the€evidence€or]€what€I€think€your€verdict€should€be.]€Ð Hä$ ÐààTwo€terms€that€you€have€already€heard€and€will€hear€throughout€this€phase€of€the€case€areÐ ª F& Ð"aggravating€factors"€and€"mitigating€factors."€€These€factors€concern€the€circumstances€of€theÐ "¨( Ðcrime€or€the€personal€traits,€character€or€background€of€the€defendant€[and€the€effect€of€theÐ n# * Ðoffense€on€the€victim€(and€the€victimððs€family]òò8óó.€€Ð Ð$l, Ðàà[The€word€"aggravate"€means€"to€make€worse€or€more€offensive"€or€"to€intensify."€€TheÐ 2&Î. Ðword€"mitigate"€means€"to€make€less€severe"€or€"to€moderate."]òò9óó€€An€aggravating€factor[,€then,]€isÐ ”'0!0 Ða€fact€or€circumstance€which€would€tend€to€support€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€A€mitigatingÐ ö(’"2 Ðfactor€is€any€aspect€of€a€defendant's€character€or€background,€any€circumstance€of€the€offense(s),Ð X*ô#4 Ðor€any€other€relevant€fact€or€circumstance€which€might€indicate€that€the€defendant€should€not€beÐ d Ðsentenced€to€death.Ð Æb ÐààIn€the€death€penalty€statute,€a€number€of€aggravating€factors€are€listed.€€These€are€calledÐ ( Ä Ð"statutory€aggravating€factors."€€As€I€instructed€you€earlier,€before€you€may€consider€impositionÐ Š & Ðof€the€death€penalty,€you€must€find€that€the€government€proved€at€least€one€of€these€aggravatingÐ ìˆ Ðfactors€specifically€listed€in€the€death€penalty€statute,€and€your€finding€must€be€unanimous€andÐ N ê Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€[In€addition€to€statutory€aggravating€factors,€there€may€also€beÐ °L Ðaggravating€factors€not€specifically€set€out€in€the€death€penalty€statute.€€Again,€your€finding€thatÐ ® Ðany€non€statutory€aggravating€factor€exists€must€be€unanimous€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.]Ð t ÐààThe€defendant€has€the€burden€of€proving€any€mitigating€factors.€€However,€there€is€aÐ Ör Ðdifferent€standard€of€proof€as€to€mitigating€factors.€€You€need€not€be€convinced€beyond€aÐ 8Ô Ðreasonable€doubt€about€the€existence€of€a€mitigating€factor;€you€need€only€be€convinced€that€it€isÐ š6 Ðmore€likely€true€than€not€true€in€order€to€find€that€it€exists.€€A€unanimous€finding€is€not€required.€Ð ü˜ ÐAny€one€of€you€may€find€the€existence€of€a€mitigating€factor,€regardless€of€the€number€of€otherÐ ^ú Ðjurors€who€may€agree.Ð À\ ÐààIf€you€have€unanimously€found€that€at€least€one€statutory€aggravating€factor€exists,€youÐ "¾ Ðthen€must€weigh€the€aggravating€factors€you€have€all€€found€to€exist€against€any€mitigatingÐ „ Ðfactors€you€have€individually€found€to€exist,€to€determine€the€appropriate€sentence.€€Any€jurorÐ æ‚" Ðmay€also€weigh€a€mitigating€factor€found€by€another€juror,€even€if€he€or€she€did€not€also€find€thatÐ Hä$ Ðfactor€to€be€mitigating.òò10óó€€I€will€give€you€detailed€instructions€regarding€the€weighing€ofÐ ª F& Ðaggravating€[and€mitigating]€factors€before€you€begin€your€deliberations.€€However,€I€instruct€youÐ "¨( Ðnow€that€you€must€not€simply€count€the€number€of€aggravating€[and€mitigating]€factors€and€reachÐ n# * Ða€decision€[based€on€which€number€is€greater];€you€must€consider€the€weight€and€value€of€eachÐ Ð$l, Ðfactor.Ð 2&Î. Ðàà[The€government€alleges€the€following€statutory€aggravating€factors:€€[list€factors]€€TheÐ ”'0!0 Ðgovernment€also€alleges€the€following€nonstatutory€aggravating€factors:€€[list€factors]€€TheÐ ö(’"2 Ðdefendant€alleges€the€following€mitigating€factors:€€[list€factors]]òò11óóÓ€ÓÓ €ÓÐ X*ô#4 ÐÔ&œÔà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ d Ðàà1.€€These€instructions€have€been€prepared€in€a€single„defendant€format.€€AppropriateÐ Æb Ðmodifications€for€proceedings€involving€multiple€defendants€would€be€necessary.Ð ²N ÐÔ'œd<Ôàà2.€€In€òòSimmons€v.€South€Carolinaóó,€512€U.S.€154,€156,€114€S.€Ct.€2187,€2190€(1994),€theÐ ° ÐSupreme€Court€held€that€where€a€defendant's€future€dangerousness€was€at€issue€and€the€onlyÐ œ Ðsentencing€alternative€to€the€death€penalty€under€state€law€was€life€imprisonment€withoutÐ ìˆ Ðpossibility€of€parole,€due€process€required€that€the€sentencing€jury€be€informed€that€the€defendantÐ Øt Ðwas€ineligible€for€parole.€€The€Court€reiterated€that€holding€in€òòShafer€v.€South€Carolinaóó,€532€U.S.Ð Ä ` Ð36,€51,€121€S.€Ct.€1263,€1273€(2001).€€Ð °L Ðààà` àSections€3593(e)€and€3594,€Title€18,€United€States€Code,€provide€that€the€juryÐ ® Ðshall€make€a€recommendation€regarding€whether€the€defendant€should€be€sentenced€to€death€orÐ þš Ðlife€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€release,€which€would€require€that€they€be€informedÐ ê† Ðof€this€option€for€offenses€under€sections€3591(b)(1)-(2).€€The€practice€in€most€states€is€to€informÐ Ör Ðthe€sentencing€jury€of€life€without€parole€as€an€alternative€to€capital€punishment.€€òòSimmons€v.Ð Â^ ÐSouth€Carolinaóó,€512€U.S.€at€167„68€nn.7„8,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2195-96.€€Ð ®J Ðàà3.€€Although€the€statute€uses€the€word€"recommend,"€the€jury's€determination€is€binding;Ð ¬ Ðthe€court€MUST€impose€the€sentence€the€jury€"recommends"€unless€a€new€trial€is€ordered.€€TheÐ ü˜ ÐCommittee€recommends€use€of€the€word€"determine,"€because€of€concern€that€use€of€the€wordÐ è„ Ð"recommend"€might€tend€to€diminish€the€jury's€sense€of€its€ultimate€responsibility€forÐ Ôp Ðdetermining€the€sentence.€€òòSee€Caldwell€v.€Mississippióó,€472€U.S.€320€(1985).Ð À\ Ðàà4.€€Courts€have€consistently€held€that€where€a€statute€requires€that€a€defendant€be€of€aÐ "¾ Ðcertain€age€in€order€to€be€guilty€of€an€offense,€the€defendantððs€age€is€an€element€of€the€offenseÐ ª Ðand€must€be€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.,óó€òòWatson€v.€Stateóó,€140€N.E.2d€109,€110„Ð ú– Ð11€(Ind.€1957);€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€365€N.W.2d€40,€41„42€(Iowa€1985);€òòBarnett€v.€Stateóó,€488€So.Ð æ‚ Ð2d€24€(Ala.€Crim.€App.€1986);€òòState€v.€Lauritsenóó,€261€N.W.2d€755,€756€(Neb.€1978);€òòLee€v.Ð Òn ÐStateóó,€481€S.E.2d€264,€265„66€(Ga.€App.€1997);€òòState€in€the€Interest€of€A.N.,€A€Juvenileóó,€630Ð ¾Z ÐA.2d€1183,€1184€(N.J.€Super.€1993);€òòState€v.€Collinsóó,€620€A.2d€1051,€1053€(N.J.€Super.€1993).€Ð ª F ÐTherefore,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€issue€be€submitted€to€the€jury,€unless€theÐ –!2 Ðdefendant€agrees€to€stipulate€that€he/she€was€at€least€18€years€of€age€at€the€time€of€the€offense.Ð ‚"! Ðàà5.€€In€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€373,€377€(1999),€the€Supreme€Court€held€that€theÐ ä#€# Ðjury€may€consider€a€mitigating€factor€in€its€weighing€process€so€long€as€one€juror€accepts€theÐ Ð$l$ Ðfactor€as€mitigating€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.Ð ¼%X% Ðàà6.€€The€Committee€was€concerned€that€absence€of€the€words€"imposition€of"€rendered€theÐ 'º ' Ðdecision€before€the€jury€too€abstract.Ð (¦!( Ðàà7.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€780€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€andÐ l)#* Ðremanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002),€the€Eighth€Circuit€held€that€this€instructionÐ X*ô#+ Ðand€Instruction12.11€(the€weighing€instruction),€which€the€defendant€had€attacked€asÐ D+à$, Ðimpermissibly€mandatory€in€nature,€"accurately€explain€the€juryððs€role€in€sentencing€under€theÐ 0,Ì%- ÐFDPA."€€The€court€also€held€that€the€district€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€giveÐ d Ðthe€defendantððs€"mercy"€instruction,€which€closely€followed€the€language€in€the€Title€21€statute,Ð Pì Ðto€the€effect€that€the€jury,€"regardless€of€its€findings€with€respect€to€aggravating€and€mitigatingÐ <Ø Ðfactors,€is€never€required€to€impose€a€death€sentence."€€It€concluded€thatÐ ( Ä Ðà0àà` àUnder€the€FDPA,€the€jury€exercises€complete€discretion€in€its€determination€ofÐ Š & Ðwhether€the€aggravating€factors€outweigh€the€mitigating€factors.€€The€jury€was€informedÐ v Ðthat€whether€or€not€the€circumstances€justify€a€sentence€of€death€was€a€decision€leftÐ bþ Ðentirely€to€them.€€Mercy€is€not€precluded€from€entering€into€the€balance€of€whether€theÐ N ê Ðaggravating€circumstances€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances.€€The€FDPA€merelyÐ :Ö Ðprecludes€the€jurors€from€arbitrarily€disregarding€its€unanimous€determination€that€aÐ &Â Ðsentence€of€death€is€justified.€Ð® (#(# ÐòòId.óó€at€781.€€The€Eighth€Circuit€reaffirmed€its€holding€in€òòAllenóó€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Ortizóó,€315€F.3dÐ t Ð873€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2002).Ð `ü Ðàà8.€€This€phrase€should€be€used€with€extreme€caution.€€Section€3593(a),€Title€18,€UnitedÐ Â^ ÐStates€Code,€provides€that€aggravating€factors€"may€include€factors€concerning€the€effect€of€theÐ ®J Ðoffense€on€the€victim€and€the€victim's€family,€and€may€include€oral€testimony,€a€victim€impactÐ š6 Ðstatement€that€identifies€the€victim€of€the€offense€and€the€extent€and€scope€of€the€injury€and€lossÐ †" Ðsuffered€by€the€victim€and€the€victim's€family€.€.€."€€Some€kinds€of€"victim€impact"€evidence€areÐ r Ðclearly€admissible,€i.e.,€evidence€which€amounts€to€"circumstances€of€the€crime."€€òòSee€Payne€v.Ð ^ú ÐTennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808,€111€S.€Ct.€2597€(1991).€€Other€"personal€traits"€of€the€victim€are€clearlyÐ Jæ Ðnot€to€be€considered€as€part€of€the€sentencing€determination,€i.e.,€race,€color,€religion,€nationalÐ 6Ò Ðorigin€or€gender.€€òòSeeóó€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3593(f);€òòZant€v.€Stephensóó,€462€U.S.€862,€885€(1983).€€SomeÐ "¾ Ð"victim€impact"€evidence€might€be€mitigating€and€must€be€submitted€as€such€under€òòLockett€v.Ð ª ÐOhioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€604„08€(1978).Ð ú– Ðàà9.€€Whether€to€define€the€words€"aggravate"€and€"mitigate"€is€a€decision€best€left€to€theÐ \ø Ðdistrict€court.€Ð Hä Ðàà10.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.09,€òòinfraóó.Ð ª F Ðàà11.€€Whether€to€list€the€aggravating€and€mitigating€factors€for€the€jury€at€the€preliminaryÐ "¨! Ðstage€of€the€sentencing€phase€is€a€decision€for€the€district€court€to€make€depending€on€theÐ ø"”" Ðcircumstances€of€the€case€before€it.Ð ä#€# Ðààà` àIn€òòRing€v.€Arizonaóó,€536€U.S.€584,€___,€122€S.€Ct.€2428,€2443€(2002),€the€SupremeÐ F%â% ÐCourt€held€that€statutory€aggravating€factors€must€be€found€by€the€jury€beyond€a€reasonableÐ 2&Î& Ðdoubt.€€By€implication,€those€factors,€as€well€as€the€requisite€intent€state,€must€also€be€alleged€inÐ 'º ' Ðthe€indictment.€òòId.óó;€òòUnited€States€v.€Cottonóó,€122€S.€Ct.€1781€(2002).€€Further,€section€3593(a)Ð (¦!( Ðrequires€the€government€to€give€notice€of€aggravating€factors€prior€to€trial€or€plea€of€guilty.€€TheÐ ö(’") Ðgovernment€is€therefore€precluded€from€offering€evidence€during€the€penalty€phase€of€additionalÐ â)~#* Ðstatutory€aggravating€factors€which€were€not€alleged€in€the€indictment€and€of€nonstatutoryÐ Î*j$+ Ðaggravating€factors€for€which€notice€was€not€given.€€However,€the€statute€does€not€require€theÐ º+V%, Ðdefendant€to€disclose€mitigating€factors.€€Therefore,€the€district€court€should€not€limit€theÐ d Ðdefendant€in€presenting€evidence€of€any€mitigating€factor.€€Further,€although€Rule€16€gives€theÐ Pì Ðdistrict€court€broad€discretion€to€regulate€discovery,€the€Committee€takes€no€position€on€whetherÐ <Ø Ðthe€district€court€can€order€the€defendant€to€disclose,€prior€to€the€penalty€phase€hearing,€theÐ ( Ä Ðmitigating€factors€he€or€she€intends€to€prove.Ð ° ÐÖ€ŽìåÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.02€€BURDEN€OF€PROOFÔ=`ÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌà@**ìàòòThis€instruction€is€to€be€given€at€the€beginning€of€theˆÐ <Ø Ðà@ç ç ìàsentencing€phase,óó€òòbefore€the€introduction€of€evidence.€óóÓ€ÓˆÐ ( Ä ÐààAs€I€have€just€instructed€you,€the€government€must€meet€its€burden€of€proof€beyond€aÐ , Ðreasonable€doubt.€€A€"reasonable€doubt"€is€a€doubt€based€upon€reason€and€common€sense€afterÐ òŽ Ðcareful€and€impartial€consideration€of€all€the€evidenceòò1óó€received€in€this€trial.€€It€is€the€kind€ofÐ T ð Ðdoubt€that€would€make€a€reasonable€person€hesitate€to€act.€€Proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,Ð ¶R Ðtherefore,€must€be€proof€of€such€a€convincing€character€that€a€reasonable€person€would€notÐ ´ Ðhesitate€to€rely€and€act€upon€it.€€However,€proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€does€not€mean€proofÐ z Ðbeyond€all€possible€doubt.€€Ð Üx ÐààThe€defendant€does€not€have€the€burden€of€disproving€the€existence€of€anything€theÐ >Ú Ðgovernment€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€burden€is€wholly€upon€the€government;Ð < Ðthe€law€does€not€require€the€defendant€to€produce€any€evidence€at€all.€€Ð ž ÐààIt€is€the€defendant's€burden€to€establish€any€mitigating€factors,€by€a€preponderance€of€theÐ d Ðevidence.€€To€prove€something€by€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€to€prove€that€it€is€moreÐ Æb Ðlikely€true€than€not€true.€€It€is€determined€by€considering€all€of€the€evidence€and€deciding€whichÐ (Ä Ðof€the€evidence€is€more€believable.€€[If,€on€any€issue€in€the€case,€the€evidence€is€equally€balanced,Ð Š& Ðyou€cannot€find€that€issue€has€been€proved.]Ð ìˆ! Ðàà[The€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€not€necessarily€determined€by€the€greater€numberÐ Nê# Ðof€witnesses€or€exhibits€€presented€by€the€government€or€the€defendant.]Ð ° L% Ðàà[To€prove€something€by€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€a€lesser€standard€of€proofÐ "®' Ðthan€proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ t#) Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ Ö$r+ Ðàà1.€€The€Supreme€Court€has€emphasized€the€importance€of€providing€the€jury€with€allÐ 8&Ô- Ðrelevant€and€reliable€òòinformationóó,€òòJurek€v.€Texasóó,€428€U.S.€262,€276€(1976);€òòGregg€v.€Georgiaóó,Ð $'À . Ð428€U.S.€153,€203„04€(1976)€(opinion€of€Stewart,€Powell,€and€Stevens,€JJ.)€("it€[is]€desirable€forÐ (¬!/ Ðthe€jury€to€have€as€much€information€as€possible€when€it€makes€the€sentencing€decision");€òòaccordóóÐ ü(˜"0 ÐòòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808,€820„21,€111€S.€Ct.€2597,€2606€(1991)€(the€prosecutor€is€freeÐ è)„#1 Ðto€offer€"a€wide€range€of€relevant€material"€in€a€capital€sentencing€proceeding).€€òòSee€alsoóó€18Ð Ô*p$2 ÐU.S.C.€ðð€3661€(use€of€information€for€sentencing)€("No€limitation€shall€be€placed€on€theÐ À+\%3 Ðinformation€concerning€the€background,€character,€and€conduct€of€[the€defendant].");€òòaccordóó€Fed.Ð d ÐR.€Crim.€P.€32(a).Ð Pì Ðààà` àProbably€for€this€reason,€section€3593(c)€uses€the€word€"information"€rather€thanÐ ²N Ð"evidence."€€It€provides€that€"[i]nformation€is€admissible€regardless€of€its€admissibility€under€theÐ ž : Ðrules€governing€admission€of€evidence€at€criminal€trials€except€that€information€may€be€excludedÐ Š & Ðif€its€probative€value€is€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€creating€unfair€prejudice,€confusing€theÐ v Ðissues,€or€misleading€the€jury."€€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€recommends€use€of€the€wordÐ bþ Ð"evidence,"€to€avoid€the€possibility€of€juror€confusion.Ð N ê Ðààà` àThe€Eighth€Circuit€has€rejected€the€contention€that€the€"relaxed"€evidentiaryÐ °L Ðstandards€applicable€at€the€penalty€phase€of€the€trial€violate€a€capital€defendantððs€constitutionalÐ œ8 Ðrights.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€759„60€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€andÐ ˆ$ Ðremanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002).€€For€a€discussion€of€some€of€the€issues€thatÐ t Ðhave€arisen€because€of€the€nonapplicability€of€the€Federal€Rules€of€Evidence€in€capital€sentencingÐ `ü Ðproceedings,€òòsee€United€States€v.€Beckfordóó,€964€F.€Supp.€993€(E.D.€Va.€1997);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð Lè ÐFellóó,€2002€WL€31113946€(D.€Vt.€Sept.€24,€2002)€(holding€FDPA€unconstitutional€becauseÐ 8Ô Ðimposition€of€death€penalty€based€on€information€not€subject€to€constitutional€guarantees€ofÐ $À Ðevidentiary€admissibility.)Ð ¬ Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ r ÐààòòSeeóó€Instructions€3.11,€6.21.853,€òòsupraóó;€òòEighth€Circuit€Manual€of€Model€Civil€JuryÐ Ôp ÐInstructionsóó,€ðð€3.04.Ð À\ ÐÖ€ìæÖÓ €Óà@’’"ìàòòÔ Ô12.03€€EVIDENCE€ÔvÔòò1óóóóˆÐ d ÐÌà@**ìàòòThis€instruction€is€to€be€given€at€the€beginning€of€theˆÐ <Ø Ðà@ìàsentencing€phase,€before€the€introduction€of€evidence.óóÓ€ÓˆÐ ( Ä ÐààIn€making€all€the€determinations€you€are€required€to€make€in€this€phase€of€the€trial,€youÐ Š & Ðmay€consider€any€evidence€that€was€presented€during€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial€as€well€asÐ ìˆ Ðevidence€that€is€presented€at€this€sentencing€phase€of€the€trial.€€Ð N ê ÐààIn€deciding€what€the€facts€are,€you€may€have€to€decide€what€testimony€you€believe€andÐ °L Ðwhat€testimony€you€do€not€believe.€€You€may€believe€all€of€what€a€witness€said,€or€only€part€of€it,Ð ® Ðor€none€of€it.€€[In€deciding€what€testimony€of€any€witness€to€believe,€consider€the€witness'sÐ t Ðintelligence,€the€opportunity€the€witness€had€to€have€seen€or€heard€the€things€testified€about,€theÐ Ör Ðwitness's€memory,€any€motives€that€witness€may€have€for€testifying€a€certain€way,€the€manner€ofÐ 8Ô Ðthe€witness€while€testifying,€whether€that€witness€said€something€different€at€an€earlier€time,€theÐ š6 Ðgeneral€reasonableness€of€the€testimony,€and€the€extent€to€which€the€testimony€is€consistent€withÐ ü˜ Ðother€evidence€that€you€believe.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ ^ú Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ À\ Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.02.Ð "¾ ÐÔ&NÔà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ „ ÐààòòSeeóó€Instructions€1.03„.05Ô'N„|Ô,€òòsupraóó.Ð æ‚! ÐÖ€“ŒìãÖÖ€•ìçÖÓ €Óà@ ìàòòÔ Ô12.04€€INTRODUCTION€TO€FINAL€INSTRUCTIONSÔ}ÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€ÓààRegardless€of€any€opinion€you€may€have€as€to€what€the€law€may€be€„€or€should€be€„€itÐ <Ø Ðwould€be€a€violation€of€your€oaths€as€jurors€to€base€your€verdict€upon€any€view€of€the€law€otherÐ ž : Ðthan€that€given€to€you€in€these€instructions.€€Ð œ ÐààSome€of€the€legal€principles€that€you€must€apply€to€this€sentencing€decision€duplicateÐ bþ Ðthose€you€followed€in€reaching€your€verdict€as€to€guilt€or€innocence.€€Others€are€different.€€TheÐ Ä ` Ðinstructions€€I€am€giving€you€now€are€a€complete€set€of€instructions€on€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ &Â Ðsentencing€decision.€€I€have€prepared€them€to€ensure€that€you€are€clear€in€your€duties€at€thisÐ ˆ$ Ðextremely€serious€stage€of€the€case.€€I€have€also€prepared€a€special€verdict€form€that€you€mustÐ ê† Ðcomplete.€€The€form€details€special€findings€you€must€make€in€this€case€and€will€help€youÐ Lè Ðperform€your€duties€properly.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ ®J Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ ¬ ÐààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€court€give€each€jury€member€a€copy€of€theÐ r Ðinstructions€and€the€Special€Verdict€Form€to€read€and€notate.Ð ^ú ÐÖ€–•ìéÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.05€€FINDING€AS€TO€DEFENDANTððS€AGEˆÐ d Ðà@ùùìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3591)€(Homicide)Ôla¬ƒÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[Before€you€may€consider€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty,€you€must€first€unanimouslyÐ ( Ä Ðagree€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€was€eighteen€years€of€age€or€older€at€the€timeÐ Š & Ðof€the€offense.€€Ð ìˆ ÐààIf€you€unanimously€make€that€finding,€you€should€so€indicate€on€[the€appropriate]€pageÐ N ê Ð[___]€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form€and€continue€your€deliberations.€€If€you€do€not€unanimouslyÐ °L Ðmake€that€finding,€you€should€so€indicate€on€[the€appropriate]€page€[___]€of€the€Special€VerdictÐ ® ÐForm€and€follow€the€directions€on€page€[òò€€€€€€óó]€of€the€form.€€No€further€deliberations€will€beÐ t Ðnecessary.]òò1óóÓ€ÓÓ €ÓÐ Ör Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ 8Ô Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€4,€Instruction€12.01,€òòsupraóó.Ð š6 ÐÖ€—–ìêÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.06€€FINDING€OF€REQUISITE€MENTAL€STATEˆÐ d Ðà@ùùìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3591)€(Homicide)ÔlaoˆÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€ÓààBefore€you€may€consider€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty,€you€must€[also]Ð ( Ä Ðunanimously€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€intentionally€[killed]€[committedÐ Š & Ðacts€resulting€in€the€death€of]€(name€of€victim)€in€[the]€[one€of€the]€manner(s)òò1óó€described€below.€Ð ìˆ ÐIf€you€unanimously€make€that€finding€[as€to€the€murder€of€(name€of€victim)],€you€should€soÐ N ê Ðindicate€on€[the€appropriate]€page€[___]€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form€and€continue€yourÐ °L Ðdeliberations.€€If€you€do€not€unanimously€make€that€finding€[as€to€the€murder€of€(name€ofÐ ® Ðvictim)],€you€should€so€indicate€on€[the€appropriate]€page€[___]€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form,€andÐ t Ðfollow€the€direction€on€page€[òò€€€€€óó].€€No€further€deliberations€will€be€necessary€[as€to€that€murder].Ð Ör ÐààThe€government€alleges€that€[LIST€SEPARATELY€FOR€EACH€MURDER€ASÐ 8Ô ÐAPPROPRIATE]:òò2óóØØÐ š6 Ð[Examples]Ð ü˜ Ðà8à1(A).à` àà¸à[The€defendant]€intentionally€killed€the€victim,€[name€of€victim],Ð ^ú Ðby€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts,€e.g.,€shooting€her€in€the€head].€€ToÐ À\ Ðestablish€that€the€defendant€intentionally€killed€the€victim,€the€government€mustÐ "¾ Ðprove€that€the€defendant€killed€the€victim€with€a€conscious€desire€to€cause€theÐ „ Ðvictim's€death.Ðæ‚!Ð Ð Ðà8à1(B).à` àà¸à[The€defendant]€intentionally€inflicted€serious€bodily€injury€thatÐ Hä# Ðresulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim,€[name€of€victim],€by€[summarize€pertinentÐ ª F% Ðpredicate€facts,€e.g.,€(inflicting€a€severe€blow€to€the€head€of)€(shooting)€(stabbing)]Ð "¨' Ð[name€of€victim],€which€resulted€in€the€death€of€(name€of€victim).€€TheÐ n# ) Ðgovernment€must€prove€that€the€defendant€deliberately€caused€serious€injury€to€theÐ Ð$l+ Ðvictim's€body€which€in€turn€caused€the€victim's€death.€€"Serious€bodily€injury"Ð 2&Î- Ðmeans€a€significant€or€considerable€amount€of€injury€which€involves€a€substantialÐ ”'0!/ Ðrisk€of€death,€unconsciousness,€extreme€physical€pain,€protracted€and€obviousÐ ö(’"1 Ðdisfigurement,€or€protracted€loss€or€impairment€of€a€body€member,€organ€orÐ X*ô#3 Ðmental€faculty.Ðº+V%5Ð Ð Ðà8à1(C).à` àà¸à[The€defendant]€intentionally€participated€in€an€act,€[contemplatingÐ d Ðthat€the€life€of€a€person€[name€of€victim]€would€be€taken]€[intending€that€lethalÐ Æb Ðforce€would€be€used€in€connection€with€a€person,€other€than€one€of€theÐ ( Ä Ðparticipants€in€the€offense,€and€the€victim,€[name€of€victim]€died€as€a€direct€resultÐ Š & Ðof€the€act],€by€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts,€e.g.,€(ordering)€(directing)Ð ìˆ Ð(hiring)€(another)€(others)€to€(inflict€a€severe€blow€to€the€head€of)€(shoot)€(stab)Ð N ê Ð[name€of€victim],€which€directly€resulted€in€the€death€of€[name€of€victim]].€€TheÐ °L Ðgovernment€must€prove€that€the€defendant€deliberately€[describe€act(s)Ð ® Ðcommitted]€with€a€conscious€desire€that€a€person€€be€killed€or€that€lethal€force€beÐ t Ðemployed€against€a€person.€€The€phrase€"lethal€force"€means€an€act€[or€acts]€ofÐ Ör Ðviolence€capable€of€causing€death.Ð8Ô Ð Ð Ðà8à1(D).à` àà¸à[The€defendant]€intentionally€and€specifically€engaged€in€an€act€ofÐ š6 Ðviolence,€knowing€that€the€act€created€a€grave€risk€of€death€to€a€person,€other€thanÐ ü˜ Ðone€of€the€participants€in€the€offense,€such€that€participation€in€the€act€constitutedÐ ^ú Ða€reckless€disregard€for€human€life€and€[name€of€victim]€died€as€a€direct€result€ofÐ À\ Ðthe€act,€by€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].Ð"¾Ð Ð Ðàà[Intent€or€knowledge€may€be€proved€like€anything€else.€€You€may€consider€any€statementsÐ „ Ðmade€and€acts€done€by€the€defendant,€and€all€the€facts€and€circumstances€in€evidence€which€mayÐ æ‚" Ðaid€in€a€determination€of€defendant's€knowledge€or€intent.]òò3óóÐ Hä$ Ðàà[You€may,€but€are€not€required€to,€infer€that€a€person€intends€the€natural€and€probableÐ ª F& Ðconsequences€of€acts€knowingly€done€or€knowingly€omitted.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ "¨( ÐÔ&&Ôà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ n# * Ðàà1.€€If€the€court€instructs€on€multiple€intent€states,€it€must€ensure€the€instructions€stateÐ Ð$l, Ðclearly€that€the€juryððs€finding€as€to€a€particular€mental€state€be€unanimous.€€òòSeeóó€Special€VerdictÐ ¼%X- ÐÔ'&n#¯›ÔForm,€pp.€83„84.Ð ¨&D . Ðàà2.€€Impermissible€duplication.€€In€a€death€penalty€case€arising€under€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(e),Ð (¦!0 Ðwhich€defines€these€mental€states€as€aggravating€factors,€the€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Tiptonóó,€90Ð ö(’"1 ÐF.3d€861,€899€(4th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€520€U.S.€1253€(1997),€stated€that€the€purpose€forÐ â)~#2 Ðrequiring€the€finding€of€intent€is€Ð Î*j$3 Ðà0àto€focus€the€juryððs€attention€upon€the€different€levels€of€moral€culpability€that€theseÐ d Ðspecific€circumstances€might€reasonably€be€thought€to€represent,€thereby€channeling€juryÐ Pì Ðdiscretion€in€the€weighing€process.Ð<Ø(#(# ÐThe€court€went€on€to€note€that:Ð ž : Ðà0àTo€allow€cumulative€findings€of€these€intended€alternative€circumstances,€all€of€which€doÐ œ Ðinvolve€different€forms€of€criminal€intent,€runs€a€clear€risk€of€skewing€the€weighingÐ ìˆ Ðprocess€in€favor€of€the€death€penalty€and€thereby€causing€it€to€be€imposed€arbitrarily,Ð Øt Ðhence€unconstitutionally.ÐÄ ` (#(# ÐòòId.óó;€òòaccord€United€States€v.€McCullahóó,€87€F.3d€1136,€1137„38€(10th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€520Ð &Â ÐU.S.€1213€(1997);€òòUnited€States€v.€Beckfordóó,€968€F.€Supp.€1080€(E.D.€Va.€1997)€(jury€couldÐ ® Ðconsider€any€mental€states€supported€by€the€evidence,€but€could€return€a€finding€as€to€only€one€ofÐ þš Ðthe€submitted€factors);€òòUnited€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€1997€WL€534163€(N.D.€Ill.€Aug.€20,€1997);€òòbutÐ ê† Ðsee€United€States€v.€Floresóó,€63€F.3d€1342,€1369„72€(5th€Cir.€1995),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€519€U.S.€825Ð Ör Ð(1996).€€Although€section€3591(a)(2)€does€not€define€1(A)€„€(D)€as€statutory€aggravating€factorsÐ Â^ Ðwhich€are€weighed€in€determining€whether€to€impose€the€death€penalty,€òòseeóó€Instruction€12.11,Ð ®J Ðand€therefore€the€same€concerns€addressed€in€òòTiptonóó€and€òòMcCullahóó€are€not€present,€theÐ š6 ÐCommittee€suggests€that,€to€avoid€any€concern€over€"stacking€the€deck"€in€favor€of€the€deathÐ †" Ðpenalty,€the€court€instruct€only€on€those€mental€states€clearly€supported€by€the€evidence.Ð r Ðàà3.€€If€"intent"€is€included€in€other€instructions€in€addition€to€this€one,€the€CommitteeÐ Ôp Ðrecommends€that€a€separate€intent€instruction€be€given€based€upon€Instruction€7.05,€òòsupraóó.€Ð À\ ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ "¾ ÐààThe€mental€states€set€forth€in€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3591(a)(2)€concern€the€defendant's€state€ofÐ „ Ðmind€at€the€time€of€perpetrating€or€participating€in€the€killing.€€At€least€one€of€the€followingÐ p ÐÔ'&"¨Ômental€states€must€be€found€to€exist€before€the€death€penalty€may€be€considered.€€Ð \ø Ðàà(A)€€The€defendant€intentionally€killed€the€victim.€€òòSee€Baldwin€v.€Alabamaóó,€472€U.S.Ð ¾Z Ð372,€385€(1985).Ð ª F Ðàà(B)€€The€defendant€intentionally€inflicted€serious€bodily€injury€which€resulted€in€the€deathÐ "¨" Ðof€the€victim.€€òòSee€Lowenfield€v.€Phelpsóó,€484€U.S.€231,€246€(1988).Ð ø"”# Ðàà(C)€€The€defendant€intentionally€engaged€in€conduct€intending€that€the€victim€be€killed€orÐ Z$ö% Ðthat€lethal€force€be€employed€against€the€victim,€which€resulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim.€€òòSeeÐ F%â& ÐEnmund€v.€Floridaóó,€458€U.S.€782,€801€(1982).Ð 2&Î' Ðàà(D)€€The€defendant€intentionally€engaged€in€conduct€which€ð!ðÐ ”'0!) Ðà8à(i)€the€defendant€knew€would€create€a€grave€risk€of€death€to€a€person,€other€thanÐ ö(’"+ Ðone€of€the€participants€in€the€offense;€andÐâ)~#,Ð Ð Ðà8à(ii)€resulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim.€€òòSee€Tison€v.€Arizonaóó,€481€U.S.€137,€158Ð D+à$. Ð(1987).Ð0,Ì%/Ð Ð ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3d€989,€997€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),€the€court€stated€that€"[t]he€bestÐ d Ðway€to€comply€with€section€3591(a)(2)€is€to€actually€use€the€language€of€the€statute€in€the€juryÐ Pì Ðinstruction."€€Instruction€12.06(1)(A)€„€(D)€use€the€exact€language€of€the€statute.€€Ð <Ø ÐààòòSeeóó€Instruction€7.05,€òòsupraóó.€òòFrancis€v.€Franklinóó,€471€U.S.€307,€315€(1985);€òòSandstrom€v.Ð ž : ÐMontanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,€515€(1979);€1A€Kevin€F.€OððMalley,€et€al.,€FòòEDERALóó€JòòURYóó€PòòRACTICEÐ Š & ÐANDóó€IòòNSTRUCTIONSóó:€€Criminal€ðð€17.07€(5th€ed.€2000).€Ð v ÐÖ€˜—ìëÖÓ €Óà@ZZìàòòÔ Ô12.07€€STATUTORY€AGGRAVATING€FACTORSˆÐ d Ðà@ùùìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592)€(Homicide)ÔÐ ²ÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€ÓààIf€you€unanimously€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€[the€defendant]€intentionallyÐ ( Ä Ð[committed€the€murder€of]€[committed€acts€resulting€in€the€death€of]€(name€of€victim)€in€theÐ Š & Ðmanner€described€in€Instruction€[òò€€€€€€óó],€you€must€then€proceed€to€determine€whether€theÐ ìˆ Ðgovernment€has€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€[any€of]€the€following€allegedÐ N ê Ðstatutory€aggravating€factor(s)€[with€respect€to€the€same€murder(s).]€€If€you€unanimously€makeÐ °L Ðthat€finding€in€the€affirmative€[as€to€the€murder€of€(name€of€victim)],€you€should€so€indicate€inÐ ® ÐSection€III€on€[the€appropriate]€page€[___]€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form€and€continue€yourÐ t Ðdeliberations.€€If€you€do€not€unanimously€make€that€finding€in€the€affirmative€[as€to€the€murderÐ Ör Ðof€(name€of€victim)],€you€should€so€indicate€on€[the€appropriate]€page€[___]€of€the€SpecialÐ 8Ô ÐVerdict€Form,€and€follow€the€directions€on€page€[òò€€€€€óó].€€No€further€deliberations€will€be€necessaryÐ š6 Ð[as€to€that€murder].Ð ü˜ ÐààThe€first€statutory€aggravating€factor€alleged€by€the€government€is€that€[LISTÐ ^ú ÐAGGRAVATING€FACTOR€FROM€ðððð€12.07A€THROUGH€12.07P€SEPARATELY€FORÐ À\ ÐEACH€KILLING€AS€APPROPRIATE]:Ð "¾ ÐààThe€second€statutory€aggravating€factor€alleged€by€the€government€is€that€[LISTÐ „ ÐAGGRAVATING€FACTOR€FROM€ðððð€12.07A€THROUGH€12.07P€SEPARATELY€FORÐ æ‚! ÐEACH€KILLING€AS€APPROPRIATE]:Ð Hä# ÐààThe€law€directs€you€to€consider€and€decide€at€this€point€the€existence€or€nonexistence€ofÐ ª F% Ðonly€the€statutory€aggravating€factors€specifically€claimed€by€the€government.€€You€are€remindedÐ "¨' Ðthat€to€find€the€existence€of€a€statutory€aggravating€factor,€your€decision€must€be€unanimous€andÐ n# ) Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ Ð$l+ ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ 2&Î- ÐààThe€Constitution€requires€that€the€class€of€defendants€eligible€for€the€death€penalty€beÐ ”'0!/ Ðnarrowed€by€means€of€statutory€aggravating€factors€that€furnish€principled€guidance€for€theÐ €("0 ÐÔ'&2&4»Ôchoice€between€death€and€a€lesser€penalty.€€òòSee€Maynard€v.€Cartwrightóó,€486€U.S.€356,€361-64Ð l)#1 Ð(1988);€òòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€427-33€(1980);€òòGregg€v.€Georgiaóó,€428€U.S.€153,€201Ð X*ô#2 Ð&€n.54€(1976).Ð D+à$3 ÐààIdentifying€at€least€one€nonduplicative€statutory€aggravating€factor€at€either€the€guiltÐ d Ðphase€or€the€penalty€phase€of€the€trial€is€sufficient€to€meet€this€requirement.€€òòSee€Gregg€v.Ð Pì ÐGeorgiaóó,€428€U.S.€153,€206-07€(1976);€òòJurek€v.€Texasóó,€428€U.S.€262,€276€(1976);€òòProffitt€v.Ð <Ø ÐFloridaóó,€428€U.S.€242,€259-60€(1976).€€An€"aggravating€circumstance€may€be€contained€in€theÐ ( Ä Ðdefinition€of€the€crime€or€in€a€separate€sentencing€factor€(or€in€both),"€òòTuilaepa€v.€Californiaóó,€512Ð ° ÐU.S.€967,€972,€114€S.€Ct.€2630,€2635€(1994).Ð œ ÐààThe€statutory€aggravating€factors€under€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)€correspond€generally€toÐ bþ Ð"traditional"€statutory€aggravating€factors€upheld€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€reviewing€state€deathÐ N ê Ðpenalty€statutes.€€An€issue€that€commonly€arises€is€whether€one€aggravating€factor€impermissiblyÐ :Ö Ðduplicates€another.€€Justice€Thomas,€joined€by€three€other€justices,€noted€in€òòJones€v.€UnitedÐ &Â ÐStatesóó,€527€U.S.373,€398€(1999)€that:Ð ® Ðà0à[w]e€have€never€before€held€that€aggravating€factors€could€be€duplicative€so€as€to€renderÐ t Ðthem€constitutionally€invalid,€nor€have€we€passed€on€the€"double€counting"€theory€that€theÐ `ü ÐTenth€Circuit€advanced€in€òòMcCullahóó€and€the€Fifth€Circuit€appears€to€have€followed€here.€Ð Lè ÐWhat€we€have€said€is€that€the€weighing€process€may€be€impermissibly€skewed€if€theÐ 8Ô Ðsentencing€jury€considers€an€invalid€factor.€€(citations€and€footnotes€omitted).Ð$À(#(# ÐJustice€Thomas€went€on€to€point€out€that,€even€accepting€for€the€sake€of€argument€the€duplicationÐ †" Ðtheory,€in€the€òòJonesóó€case€the€factors€"as€a€whole€were€not€duplicative€„€at€best,€certain€evidenceÐ r Ðwas€relevant€to€two€different€aggravating€factors."€€òòId.óó€at€399.Ð ^ú ÐààLower€courts€have€expressed€concern€about€the€problem€of€duplicative€factors.€€As€notedÐ À\ Ðabove€in€Note€2,€Instruction€12.06,€òòsupraóó,€courts€have€warned€of€the€dangers€of€submittingÐ ¬H Ðduplicative€mental€intent€states€to€the€jury.€€As€to€aggravating€factors,€in€òòUnited€States€v.€BinÐ ˜4 ÐLadenóó,€126€F.€Supp.2d€290,€299€(S.D.N.Y.€2001),€the€court€held€thatÐ „ Ðà0àan€aggravating€factor€that€is€necessarily€and€wholly€subsumed€by€a€different€aggravatorÐ æ‚ Ðwithin€the€same€death€penalty€notice€is€invalid€per€se€and€should€not€be€submitted€to€theÐ Òn Ðpenalty€jury€for€sentencing€consideration.€.€.€[A]€duplicative€aggravator€of€this€sort€servesÐ ¾Z Ðno€significant€sentencing€role€other€than€to€cloud€the€issues€and€place€an€unwarrantedÐ ª F Ðthumb€on€deathððs€scale.òòòòÐ–!2 (#(# ÐóóóóThe€court€went€on€to€state€thatÐ ø"”" Ðà0àthe€Governmentððs€attempt€to€spin€off€multiple€freestanding€aggravators€from€what€shouldÐ Z$ö$ Ðreally€only€be€one€represents€a€strategy€that€should€not€be€permitted.€.€.€[T]he€soleÐ F%â% Ðmotivation€for€doing€so€is€to€ratchet€up€the€number€of€aggravating€factors€and€"give€theÐ 2&Î& Ðgovernment€free€reign€to€trump€whatever€mitigating€factors€are€raised€by€the€defendant."€Ð 'º ' Ð(òòUnited€States€v.€Bradleyóó,€880€F.€Supp.€271,€285€(M.D.€Pa.€1994).)Ð (¦!((#(# ÐThe€òòBin€Ladenóó€court€also€reserved€until€after€the€jury€returned€a€liability€verdict€the€issue€ofÐ l)#* Ðwhether€a€single€aggravating€factor€may€be€alleged€more€than€once,€òòi.e.óó,€for€each€capital€offenseÐ X*ô#+ Ðin€a€prosecution€of€multiple€murders.€€The€court€noted€that€a€"grouping"€approach€was€taken€inÐ D+à$, Ðthe€òòMcVeighóó€prosecution:€each€aggravating€factor€was€alleged€only€once,€even€though€bothÐ d Ðdefendants€faced€eleven€capital€counts€each.€€òòId.óó€n.14.€Ð Pì ÐòòòòóóóóààThe€Committee€recommends€that€care€be€taken€to€ensure€that€aggravating€factors,Ð ²N Ðwhether€statutory€or€nonstatutory,€are€submitted€in€such€a€way€that€they€do€not€impermissiblyÐ ž : Ðduplicate€the€requirements€under€sections€3591(a)€and€(b)€or€each€other.€€As€the€Eighth€CircuitÐ Š & Ðheld€in€òòSloan€v.€Deloóó,€54€F.3d€1371,€1385€(8th€Cir.€1995),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€516€U.S.€1056€(1996),Ð v Ðwhere€the€death€penalty€statute€calls€for€the€weighing€of€aggravating€circumstances€againstÐ bþ Ðmitigating€circumstances,€"the€invalidation€of€an€aggravating€circumstance€is€of€tremendousÐ N ê Ðimport€because€the€removal€of€that€factor€from€the€equation€might€change€the€result.€€òòSeeÐ :Ö ÐStringer€v.€Blackóó,€503€U.S.€222,€230„32€(1992)."Ð &Â ÐÓ €ÓÖ€™˜ììÖà@ÎÎìàòòÔ Ô12.07A€€DEATH€OR€INJURY€RESULTING€IN€DEATH€DURING€THE€ˆÐ d Ðà@YYìàCOMMISSION€OF€AN€OFFENSE€LISTED€UNDER€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(1)Ô.€¢ÓÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€ÓààThe€[death]€[injury€resulting€in€death]€occurred€[during€the€[attempted]€commission€of]Ð ( Ä Ð[during€the€immediate€flight€from€the€commission€of]€[state€the€qualifying€offenses,€e.g.,Ð Š & Ðkidnaping,€listed€under€section€3592(c)(1)].€€The€government€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ìˆ Ðdoubt€that€[list€elements€of€qualifying€offense€or€attempt€as€in€the€corresponding€verdict€director,Ð N ê Ðe.g.,€first,€the€defendant€knowingly€and€willfully€seized,€confined,€kidnaped,€abducted,€or€carriedÐ °L Ðaway€(name€of€victim);€second,€(name€of€victim)€was€thereafter€transported€in€interstateÐ ® Ðcommerce€while€so€seized,€confined,€kidnaped,€or€abducted;€and€third,€€the€defendant€held€(nameÐ t Ðof€victim)€for€ransom,€reward,€or€other€benefit€or€reason.]€€[Alternatively,€refer€to€separate€countÐ Ör Ðfor€which€defendant€was€found€guilty€at€the€first€stage.]òò1óóÓ€ÓÓ €ÓÐ 8Ô ÐÔ&:Ôà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ š6 Ðàà1.€€There€may€be€instances€in€which€the€qualifying€offense€listed€under€section€3592(c)(1)Ð ü˜ Ðwas€not€charged€in€the€indictment.€€It€is€not€necessary€for€the€government€to€charge€the€Ô':š¨ØÔqualifyingÐ è„ Ðoffense€in€the€indictment€for€it€to€be€alleged€as€an€aggravating€factor.Ð Ôp Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ 6Ò ÐÓÓààSection€3592(c)(1)€establishes€as€an€aggravating€factor€that€the€death,€or€injury€resultingÐ ˜4 Ðin€death,€occurred€during€the€commission€or€attempted€commission€of,€or€during€the€immediateÐ „ Ðflight€from€the€commission€of€an€offense€under€one€of€the€following€sections:Ð p ÐààòòTitle€18:óó€€Ð Òn! Ð--à8à32à0` Ð Ð à(destruction€of€aircraft€or€aircraft€facilities),Ð4 Ð#` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à33à0` Ð Ð à(destruction€of€motor€vehicles€or€motor€vehicle€facilities),Ð–!2%` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à36à0` Ð Ð à(violence€at€international€airports),Ðø"”'` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à351à0` Ð Ð à(violence€against€Members€of€Congress,€Cabinet€Officers,€or€SupremeÐ Z$ö) ÐCourt€Justices),ÐF%â*` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à751à0` Ð Ð à(prisoners€in€custody€of€institution€or€officer),Ð¨&D ,` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à794à0` Ð Ð à(gathering€or€delivering€defense€evidence€to€aid€foreign€government),Ð (¦!.` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à844(d)à0` Ð Ð à(transportation€of€explosives€in€interstate€commerce€for€certain€purposes),Ðl)#0` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à844(f)à0` Ð Ð à(destruction€of€Government€property€by€explosives),ÐÎ*j$2` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à1118à0` Ð Ð à(prisoners€serving€life€term),Ð0,Ì%4` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à1201à0` Ð Ð à(kidnaping),Ðd` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à844(i)à0` Ð Ð à(destruction€by€explosives€of€property€affecting€interstate€commerce),ÐÆb` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à1116à0` Ð Ð à(killing€or€attempted€killing€of€diplomats),Ð( Ä` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à1203à0` Ð Ð à(hostage€taking),ÐŠ &` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à1992à0` Ð Ð à(wrecking€trains),Ðìˆ` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à2280à0` Ð Ð à(maritime€violence),ÐN ê ` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à2281à0` Ð Ð à(maritime€platform€violence),Ð°L` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à2332à0` Ð Ð à(terrorist€acts€abroad€against€U.S.€Nationals),Ð® ` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à2339à0` Ð Ð à(use€of€weapons€of€mass€destruction),Ðt` Ð ` Ð Ð--à8à2381à0` Ð Ð à(treason),ÐÖr` Ð ` Ð ÐààòòTitle€49:óóÐ 8Ô Ð--à8à1472(i)€(aircraft€piracy€within€special€aircraft€jurisdiction),€and/orÐš6Ð Ð Ð--à8à1472(n)€(aircraft€piracy€outside€special€aircraft€jurisdiction).Ðü˜Ð Ð ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Jonesóó,€132€F.3d€232,€249€(5th€Cir.€1998),€òòaffððdóó,€527€U.S.€373€(1999),Ð ^ú Ðthe€court€rejected€defendantððs€contention€that€a€statutory€aggravating€factor€providing€thatÐ Jæ Ðdefendant€caused€the€death€of€the€victim,€which€occurred€during€the€commission€of€a€kidnaping,Ð 6Ò Ðfailed€to€genuinely€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€the€death€penalty.€€The€courtÐ "¾ Ðconcluded€that€Ð ª Ðà0àAlthough€the€jury€had€already€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€kidnaping€with€deathÐ p Ðresulting€at€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial,€the€jury€did€not€consider€whether€[the€defendant]Ð \ø! Ðcaused€the€death€of€the€victim€during€the€commission€of€the€crime€of€kidnaping€until€theÐ Hä" Ðpenalty€phase€of€the€trial.€€The€jury€could€have€convicted€[the€defendant]€of€kidnapingÐ 4 Ð# Ðwith€death€resulting€in€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial€and€still€answered€"no"€to€statutoryÐ !¼$ Ðaggravating€factor€2(A)€in€the€penalty€phase€if€the€jury€found€that€[the€defendant]€did€notÐ "¨% Ðcause€the€death€of€the€victim€during€the€commission€of€the€crime€of€kidnaping.€€TheÐ ø"”& Ðsubmission€of€the€elements€of€the€crime€as€an€aggravating€factor€merely€allowed€the€juryÐ ä#€' Ðto€consider€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€when€deciding€whether€to€impose€the€deathÐ Ð$l( Ðpenalty.€€Thus,€the€kidnaping€was€weighed€only€once€by€the€jury€during€the€penalty€phaseÐ ¼%X) Ðof€the€trial.€€Consequently,€the€repetition€of€the€elements€of€the€crime€as€an€aggravatingÐ ¨&D * Ðfactor€did€not€contradict€the€constitutional€requirement€that€aggravating€factors€genuinelyÐ ”'0!+ Ðnarrow€the€juryððs€discretion.Ð€(",(#(# ÐòòAccord€United€States€v.€Hallóó,€152€F.3d€381,€416„17€(5òòthóó€Cir.€1998),€òòabrogated€in€part€on€otherÐ â)~#. Ðgroundsóó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Martinez„Salazaróó,€528€U.S.€304€(2000).Ð Î*j$/ ÐààIn€a€closely€related€issue,€the€courts€are€divided€on€the€question€whether€this€statutoryÐ d Ðaggravating€factor€is€impermissibly€duplicative€and€therefore€improperly€tilts€the€jury€in€favor€ofÐ Pì Ðthe€death€penalty.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Bin€Ladenóó,€126€F.€Supp.2d€290,€301€(S.D.N.Y.€2001),€theÐ <Ø Ðcourt€rejected€the€duplication€argument,€concluding€that€it€was€proper€for€the€jury€to€consider€theÐ ( Ä Ðcrimes€for€which€it€had€found€the€defendant€guilty€in€determining€sentencing,€and€that€"theÐ ° Ðimpermissible€double„counting€caused€by€an€aggravator€that€is€duplicative€of€another€aggravatorÐ œ Ðis€simply€not€at€issue€here."€€òòAccord€United€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€136€F.€Supp.2d€553,€559€(W.D.Ð ìˆ ÐVa.€2001);€òòUnited€States€v.€Cooperóó,€91€F.€Supp.2d€90,€108„09€(D.D.C.€2000);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð Øt ÐFrankóó,€8€F.€Supp.2d€253,€276€(S.D.N.Y.€1998);€òòUnited€States€v.€Edelinóó,€134€F.€Supp.2d€59Ð Ä ` Ð(D.D.C.€2001)€(ðð€848).€Ð °L ÐààOn€the€other€hand,€the€courts€in€òòUnited€States€v.€McVeighóó,€944€F.€Supp.€1478,€1489„90Ð ® Ð(D.€Colo.€1996),€and€òòUnited€States€v.€Kaczynskióó,€1997€WL€716487,€at€*23€(E.D.€Cal.€1997),Ð þš Ðdismissed€statutory€aggravating€factors€which€were€based€on€the€crimes€alleged€in€those€cases.€Ð ê† ÐThe€court€in€òòKaczynskióó,€at€*23,€stated€that:Ð Ör Ðà0àTo€allow€the€jury€to€weigh€as€an€aggravating€factor€a€crime€which€they€had€alreadyÐ 8Ô Ðnecessarily€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€would€unfairly€tip€the€scale€toward€death.€Ð $À ÐThis€skews€the€weighing€process€by€beginning€the€penalty€phase€with€one€aggravatingÐ ¬ Ðfactor€already€on€deathððs€side€of€the€scale.€€Furthermore,€when€dealing€with€a€weighingÐ ü˜ Ðstatute,€there€is€always€the€danger€that€one€or€more€jurors€will€weigh€by€counting.€Ð è„ Ð(internal€citations€omitted)€Ð Ôp(#(# ÐÖ€š™ìíÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.07B€€DEFENDANTððS€PRIOR€CONVICTION€OF€A€VIOLENT€FELONY€ˆÐ d Ðà@QQìàINVOLVING€A€FIREARM€(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(2))Ô8€#øÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€has€been€[previously]€convictedòò1óó€of€[describe€the€federal€or€state€offenseÐ ( Ä Ðpunishable€by€a€term€of€imprisonment€of€more€than€one€year,€involving€the€[use]€[attempted€use]Ð Š & Ð[threatened€use]€of€a€firearm€against€another€person.]€€[The€term€"firearm"€means€[any€weaponÐ ìˆ Ð(including€a€starter€gun)€which€will€or€is€designed€to€or€may€readily€be€converted€to€expel€aÐ N ê Ðprojectile€by€the€action€of€an€explosive]€[the€frame€or€receiver€of€any€such€weapon]€[any€firearmÐ °L Ðmuffler€or€firearm€silencer]€[any€destructive€device].€€[It€does€not€include€an€antique€firearm.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ ® Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ t Ðàà1.€€Although€section€3592(c)(2)€uses€language€that€the€defendant€"has€previously€beenÐ Ör Ðconvicted,"€€the€statute€does€not€make€clear€whether€the€jury€may€only€consider€convictionsÐ Â^ Ðwhich€occurred€prior€to€the€date€of€the€murder€with€which€the€defendant€was€charged.€€AlthoughÐ ®J Ðthere€are€as€yet€no€federal€cases€on€the€issue,€the€majority€of€state€courts€that€have€examined€thisÐ š6 Ðquestion€have€found€that€the€term€"prior€conviction"€in€the€context€of€a€statutory€aggravatingÐ †" Ðfactor€simply€means€a€conviction€that€has€become€final€prior€to€the€date€of€sentencing,€regardlessÐ r Ðof€the€date€of€occurrence€of€the€crime€itself.€€òòDaugherty€v.€Stateóó,€419€S.2d€1067,€1069€(Fla.Ð ^ú Ð1982),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€459€U.S.€1228€(1983),€òòRuffin€v.€Stateóó,€397€S.2d€277,€282€(Fla.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð Jæ Ð454€U.S.€882€(1981),€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€541€S.2d€801,€809„10€(La.€1989),€òòPeople€v.€Whiteóó,€870Ð 6Ò ÐP.2d€424,€442„46€(Colo.,€òòen€bancóó,€1994),€òòPeople€v.€McClainóó,€757€P.2d€569€(1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð "¾ Ð489€U.S.€1072€(1989),€òòPeople€v.€Grantóó,€755€P.2d€894€(1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€488€U.S.€1050€(1989),Ð ª ÐòòPeople€v.€Hendrixóó,€737€P.2d€1350€(1987),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€488€U.S.€900€(1988),€òòStephens€v.€Hopperóó,Ð ú– Ð247€S.E.2d€92,€97€(Ga.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€439€U.S.€991€(1978),€òòTempleman€v.€Commonwealthóó,€785Ð æ‚ ÐS.W.2d€259,€260€(Ky.€1990),€òòState€v.€Biegenwaldóó,€542€A.2d€442,€446€(N.J.€1988),€òòState€v.Ð Òn ÐTeagueóó,€680€S.W.2d€785,€789„90€(Tenn.€1984),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€473€U.S.€911€(1985).€€Thus,Ð ¾Z Ðcriminal€activity€subsequent€to€the€present€homicide€has€been€found€sufficient€to€supportÐ ª F Ðstatutory€aggravating€factors€requiring€"prior€convictions."€€òòSee€also€State€v.€Coffeyóó,€444€S.E.2dÐ –!2! Ð431€(N.C.€1994),€in€which€the€North€Carolina€Supreme€Courtòòóó€interpreted€a€statutory€provisionÐ ‚"" Ðreferring€to€"prior€criminal€activity"€as€opposed€to€"prior€convictions."€€Of€note,€another€NorthÐ n# # ÐCarolina€court€has€concluded€that€the€term€"prior€convictions"€includes€convictions€for€offensesÐ Z$ö$ Ðwhich€occurred€subsequent€to€the€charged€offense€but€became€final€prior€to€trial.€€òòSee€State€v.Ð F%â% ÐMcCullersóó,€335€S.E.2d€348,€350€(N.C.€App.€1985).€€Ð 2&Î& Ðààà` àOn€the€other€hand,€in€òòThompson€v.€Stateóó,€492€N.E.2d€264€(Ind.€1986)òòóó,€the€courtÐ ”'0!( Ðheld€that€the€phrase€"prior€convictions"€included€only€convictions€which€occurred€prior€to€theÐ €(") Ðpresently€charged€murder.€€However,€the€court€also€held€that€the€Indiana€death€penalty€provisionsÐ l)#* Ðspecifically€allow€the€use€as€a€statutory€aggravating€factor€of€the€commission€of€another€òòmurderóó,Ð X*ô#+ Ðregardless€of€when€committed.€€òòId.óó€at€269.Ð D+à$, Ðààà` àSubsequent€serious€criminal€activity€can€be€used€as€nonstatutory€aggravatingÐ d Ðevidence.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Piteraóó,€795€F.€Supp.€546,€564€(E.D.N.Y.),€òòaffððdóó,€986€F.2d€499€(2d.Ð Pì ÐCir.€1992).Ð <Ø ÐÖ€›šìîÖÓ €Óà@‹‹ ìàòòÔ Ô12.07C€€DEFENDANTððS€PRIOR€CONVICTION€OF€AN€OFFENSE€RESULTING€IN€ˆÐ d Ðà@99 ìà€DEATH€FOR€WHICH€A€SENTENCE€OF€LIFE€IMPRISONMENT€OR€DEATH€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@šš ìàWAS€AUTHORIZED€BY€STATUTE€(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(3),€(d)(1))Ô8€,ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€has€been€[previously]€convictedòò1óó€of€[name€of€offense],€a€[federal]€[state]Ð ° Ðoffense€which€resulted€in€the€death€of€[name€of€victim],€for€which€a€sentence€of€lifeÐ v Ðimprisonment€or€a€sentence€of€death€was€authorized€by€statute.€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ Øt Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ :Ö Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.07B,€òòsupraóó.Ð œ8 ÐÖ€œ›ìïÖÓ €Óà@úúìàòòÔ Ô12.07D€€DEFENDANTððS€PRIOR€CONVICTION€OF€TWO€OR€MORE€ˆÐ d Ðà@ïïìàOFFENSES€INVOLVING€THE€INFLICTION€OF€SERIOUS€BODILY€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@ü ü ìàINJURY€OR€DEATH€(18€U.S.C.€ðððð€3592(c)(4),€(d)(2))Ô8€·ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€has€[previously]€been€convictedòò1óó€of€two€or€more€[state]€[federal]€offensesÐ ° Ðeach€of€which€is€punishable€by€a€term€of€imprisonment€of€more€than€one€year,€committed€onÐ v Ðdifferent€occasions,€and€involves€the€[infliction€of]€[attempted€infliction€of]€serious€bodily€injuryÐ Øt Ðupon€another€person,€[summarize€pertinent€aspects€of€the€predicate€offense(s)€including€name€ofÐ :Ö Ðeach€offense€and€whether€each€offense€involved€infliction€of€or€attempted€infliction€of€seriouslyÐ œ8 Ðbodily€injury€upon€another€person].€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ þš ÐÔ&NÔà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ `ü Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.07B,€òòsupraóó.€Ô'N`§ÔÐ Â^ ÐÖ€œìðÖÓ €Óà@~~ìàòòÔ Ô12.07E€CREATION€OF€A€GRAVE€RISK€OF€DEATH€TO€ONE€OR€ˆÐ d Ðà@ç ç ìàMORE€PERSONS€IN€ADDITION€TO€THE€VICTIM€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@ZZìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(5);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(5))Ô8€—ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[In€the€commission€of€the€offense]€[In€escaping€apprehension€for€the€offense],€[theÐ ° Ðdefendant]€knowingly€created€a€grave€risk€of€death€to€one€or€more€persons€in€addition€to€(theÐ v Ð[intended]òò1óó€victim[s])€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].Ð Øt ÐààTo€establish€the€existence€of€this€factor,€the€government€must€prove€that€the€defendantÐ :Ö Ðknowingly€created€a€grave€risk€of€deathòò2óó€to€one€or€more€persons€in€addition€to€the€victim(s)€of€theÐ œ8 Ðoffense,€[in€committing€the€offense]€[or]€[in€escaping€apprehension€for€the€offense].€€"Persons€inÐ þš Ðaddition€to€the€victim(s)"€include€innocent€bystanders€in€the€zone€of€danger€created€by€theÐ `ü Ðdefendant's€acts,€but€does€not€include€other€participants€in€the€offense.]òò3óó€€"Grave€risk€of€death"Ð Â^ Ðmeans€a€significant€and€considerable€possibility€that€another€person€might€be€killed.€Ð $À Ð"Knowingly"€creating€such€a€risk€means€that€the€defendant€was€conscious€and€aware€that€hisÐ †" Ðconduct€in€the€course€of€[committing€the€offense]€[or]€[escaping€apprehension€for€the€offense]Ð è„ Ðmight€have€this€result.€Ð Jæ Ðàà[Knowledge€may€be€proved€like€anything€else.€€You€may€consider€any€statements€madeÐ ¬H Ðand€acts€done€by€the€defendant(s),€and€all€the€facts€and€circumstances€in€evidence€which€may€aidÐ ª Ðin€a€determination€of€defendant's(sðð)€knowledge.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ p ÐÔ&&Ôà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóˆÐ Òn" Ðàà1.€€This€factor€is€broadly€worded,€and€may€be€applicable€to€intended€victims€who€escapeÐ 4 Ð$ Ðdeath.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Tiptonóó,€90€F.3d€861,€869,€894€(4th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€520Ð !¼% ÐÔ'&ÒLÔU.S.€1253€(1997).€€However,€the€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Gloveróó,€43€F.€Supp.2d€1217,€1221„22Ð "¨& Ð(D.€Kan.€1999),€held€that€this€factor€and€the€factor€enumerated€in€section€3592(c)(16),€that€"theÐ ø"”' Ðdefendant€attempted€to€kill€more€than€one€person,"€were€impermissibly€duplicative,€and€that€theÐ ä#€( Ðgovernment€had€to€strike€one€of€the€aggravators€in€advance€of€trial.€€Ð Ð$l) Ðààà` àSome€states€whose€capital€punishment€statutes€include€a€similar€aggravatingÐ 2&Î+ Ðfactor€have€construed€that€aggravating€factor€as€not€including€surviving€intended€victims.€€òòSee,Ð 'º , Ðe.g.,€State€v.€Bracyóó,€703€P.2d€464,€481€(Ariz.€En€Banc€1985),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€474€U.S.€1110€(1986);Ð (¦!- ÐòòState€v.€Rossióó,€706€P.2d€371,€378€(Ariz.€En€Banc€1985),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€506€U.S.€1003€(1992);€òòStateÐ ö(’". Ðv.€McCallóó,€677€P.2d€920,€934€(Ariz.€En€Banc€1983),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€467€U.S.€1220€(1984).€Ð â)~#/ ÐProximity€to€the€murderous€act€is€an€important€factor€in€applying€this€aggravating€circumstance.€Ð Î*j$0 ÐòòSee€Commonwealth€v.€Stokesóó,€615€A.2d€704,€713€(Pa.€1992)€("the€aggravating€circumstance€atÐ º+V%1 Ðissue€applies€to€situations€when€the€defendant€in€the€course€of€killing€his€particular€victim€acts€inÐ d Ða€manner€which€endangers€the€lives€of€others€close€in€proximity€to€the€intended€or€actualÐ Pì Ðvictim.");€òòState€v.€Woodóó,€881€P.2d,€1158,€1174„75€(Ariz.€En€Banc€1994)€("The€grave€risk€ofÐ <Ø Ðdeath€to€another€factor€applies€only€if€the€defendantððs€murderous€act€itself€put€other€people€in€theÐ ( Ä Ðzone€of€danger.€.€.€.€€No€single€factor€is€dispositive€of€this€circumstance.€€Our€inquiry€is€whetherÐ ° Ðduring€the€course€of€the€killing,€the€defendant€engaged€in€conduct€that€created€a€real€andÐ œ Ðsubstantial€likelihood€that€a€specific€third€person€might€suffer€fatal€injury.")Ð ìˆ Ðàà2.€€The€term€"knowingly€create€a€grave€risk€of€death"€has€been€interpreted€to€meanÐ N ê Ð"reckless€disregard€for€human€life,"€òòTison€v.€Arizonaóó,€481€U.S.€137,€157„58€(1987),€or€"extremeÐ :Ö Ðindifference€to€human€life,"€òòEnmund€v.€Floridaóó,€458€U.S.€782,€790„91€(1982).€Ð &Â Ðààà` àThe€instruction€given€at€the€òòMcVeighóó€trial€reads€as€follows:Ð ˆ$ Ðà0àà` àThis€aggravating€factor€requires€you€to€find€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€not€onlyÐ ê† Ðresulted€in€death€but€also€posed€a€significant€risk€of€death€to€other€persons€who€were€inÐ Ör Ðclose€proximity€to€those€who€died€in€terms€of€time€and€location.€€The€defendant€mustÐ Â^ Ðhave€acted€knowingly€in€creating€this€grave€risk€of€death€to€other€persons,€which€meansÐ ®J Ðthat€he€must€have€been€conscious€and€aware€of€the€grave€risk€of€death,€must€have€realizedÐ š6 Ðwhat€he€was€doing,€and€must€not€have€acted€because€of€ignorance,€mistake€or€accident.òòÐ†"(#(# Ðóóà0à3.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€òòsupraóó.€òòÐè„(#(# ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ Jæ ÐààòòSee€Profitt€v.€Floridaóó,€428€U.S.€242,€256€(1976);€òòTison€v.€Arizonaóó,€481€U.S.€137,€157„58Ð ¬H Ð(1987);€òòFrancis€v.€Franklinóó,€471€U.S.€307,€315€(1985);€òòEnmund€v.€Floridaóó,€458€U.S.€782,€790„91Ð ˜4 ÐÔ'&J‚*Ô(1982);€òòSandstrom€v.€Montanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,€515€(1979);€1A€Kevin€F.€OððMalley,€et€al.,Ð „ ÐFòòEDERALóó€JòòURYóó€PòòRACTICE€ANDóó€IòòNSTRUCTIONSóó:€€Criminal€ðððð€17.04€and€17.07€(5th€ed.€2000).Ð p ÐààIn€United€States€v.€Allen,€247€F.3d€741,€786„87€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€andÐ Òn Ðremanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002),€the€court€rejected€defendantððs€challengesÐ ¾Z Ðthat€the€"grave€risk€of€death"€aggravator€was€unconstitutionally€vague€and€did€not€serve€aÐ ª F Ðnarrowing€function€because€it€applied€to€too€large€a€class€of€defendants.€€Ð –!2! ÐÖ€ŸìñÖÓ €Óà@ ìàòòÔ Ô12.07F€€COMMISSION€OF€THE€OFFENSE€IN€AN€ESPECIALLY€ˆÐ d Ðà@ÂÂìàHEINOUS€CRUEL€OR€DEPRAVED€MANNER€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(6))Ôà8 /ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[Defendant]€committed€the€offense€in€an€especially€[heinous]€[cruel]€[or]€[depraved]Ð ° Ðmanner€in€that€it€involved€[torture]€[or]€[serious€physical€abuse]€to€the€victim,€(name€of€victim)Ð v Ð[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].€€To€establish€that€the€defendant€killed€the€victim€in€anÐ Øt Ðespecially€heinous,€cruel,€or€depraved€manner,€the€government€must€prove€that€the€killingÐ :Ö Ðinvolved€either€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€to€the€victim.€€You€must€not€find€this€factor€toÐ œ8 Ðexist€unless€you€unanimously€agree€as€to€which€alternative€„€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€„Ð þš Ðhas€been€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€In€other€words,€all€twelve€of€you€must€agree€that€itÐ `ü Ðinvolved€torture€and€was€thus€heinous,€cruel€or€depraved,€or€all€twelve€of€you€must€agree€that€itÐ Â^ Ðinvolved€serious€physical€abuse€to€the€victim€and€was€thus€heinous,€cruel€or€depraved.]òò1óóÐ $À Ðàà["Heinous"€means€extremely€wicked€or€shockingly€evil,€where€the€killing€wasÐ †" Ðaccompanied€by€such€additional€acts€of€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€of€the€victim€as€to€set€itÐ è„ Ðapart€from€other€killings.]Ð Jæ Ðàà["Cruel"€means€that€the€defendant€intended€to€inflict€a€high€degree€of€pain€by€torturing€theÐ ¬H Ðvictim€in€addition€to€killing€the€victim.]Ð ª Ðàà["Depraved"€means€that€the€defendant€relished€the€killing€or€showed€indifference€to€theÐ p Ðsuffering€of€the€victim,€as€evidenced€by€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€of€the€victim.]Ð Òn" Ðàà["Torture"€includes€mental€as€well€as€physical€abuse€of€the€victim.€€In€either€case,€theÐ 4 Ð$ Ðvictim€must€have€been€conscious€of€the€abuse€at€the€time€it€was€inflicted,€and€the€defendant€mustÐ –!2& Ðhave€specifically€intended€to€inflict€severe€mental€or€physical€pain€or€suffering€upon€the€victim,Ð ø"”( Ðin€addition€to€the€killing€of€the€victim.]Ð Z$ö* Ðàà[Severe€mental€pain€or€suffering€means€prolonged€mental€harm€caused€by€or€resultingÐ ¼%X, Ðfrom€[intentionally€inflicting€or€threatening€to€inflict€severe€physical€pain€or€suffering]Ð 'º . Ð[administering€or€applying,€or€threatening€to€administer€or€apply,€mind„altering€substances€orÐ €("0 Ðother€procedures€calculated€to€disrupt€profoundly€the€senses€or€the€personality]€[the€threat€ofÐ â)~#2 Ðimminent€death]€[the€threat€that€another€person€will€imminently€be€subjected€to€death,€severeÐ D+à$4 Ðphysical€pain€or€suffering]€[the€threat€that€another€person€will€imminently€be€subjected€to€theÐ d Ðadministering€or€applying,€or€threatening€to€administer€or€apply,€mind€altering€substances€orÐ Æb Ðother€procedures€calculated€to€disrupt€profoundly€the€senses€or€the€personality.]Ð ( Ä Ðàà["Serious€physical€abuse"€means€a€significant€or€considerable€amount€of€injury€or€damageÐ Š & Ðto€the€victimððs€body.€€Serious€physical€abuse€„„€unlike€torture€„„€may€be€inflicted€either€before€orÐ ìˆ Ðafter€death€and€does€not€require€that€the€victim€be€conscious€of€the€abuse€at€the€time€it€wasÐ N ê Ðinflicted.€€However,€the€defendant€must€have€specifically€intended€the€abuse€in€addition€to€theÐ °L Ðkilling.]Ð ® ÐààPertinent€factors€in€determining€whether€a€killing€was€especially€[heinous]€[cruel]€[or]Ð t Ð[depraved]€include:€€an€infliction€of€gratuitous€violence€upon€the€victim€above€and€beyond€thatÐ Ör Ðnecessary€to€commit€the€killing;€the€needless€mutilation€of€the€victimððs€body;€the€senselessnessÐ 8Ô Ðof€the€killing;€and€the€helplessness€of€the€victim.Ð š6 ÐààThe€word€"especially"€means€highly€or€unusually€great,€distinctive,€peculiar,€particular,€orÐ ü˜ Ðsignificant,€when€compared€to€other€killings.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ ^ú ÐÔ&&Ôà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ À\ Ðàà1.€€This€statutory€aggravator€contains€the€disjunctive€phrases€"torture€or€serious€physicalÐ "¾ Ðabuse."€€The€Committee€concluded€that€juror€unanimity€as€to€one€of€these€two€disjunctiveÐ ª ÐÔ'&À6AÔelements€is€required€to€support€a€finding€of€this€aggravator.€€The€Committee€notes€that€in€òòUnitedÐ ú– ÐStates€v.€Jonesóó,€132€F.3d€232€(5th€Cir.€1998),€òòaffððdóó,€527€U.S.€373€(1999),€the€instruction€givenÐ æ‚! Ðdid€not€require€specific€unanimity€as€to€whether€defendant€inflicted€torture€or€serious€physicalÐ Òn" Ðabuse.€€òòId.óó€at€250€n.12.Ð ¾Z# ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ !¼% Ðàà"Heinous"€means€that€a€killing€was€"extremely€wicked€or€shockingly€evil."€€òòSochor€v.Ð ‚"' ÐFloridaóó,€504€U.S.€527,€537,€112€S.€Ct.€2114,€2121€(1992)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€283€S.2d€1,€9Ð n# ( ÐÔ'& !{DÔ(Fla.€1973),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€416€U.S.€943€(1974)).€€"Cruel"€means€that€the€defendant€intended€"toÐ Z$ö) Ðinflict€a€high€degree€of€pain."€€òòId.óó€€"Depraved"€means€that€the€defendant€"relished[d]€the€murder"Ð F%â* Ðor€show[ed]€indifference€to€the€suffering€of€the€victim."€€òòWalton€v.€Arizonaóó,€497€U.S.€639,€654„Ð 2&Î+ Ð55€(1990).€€Torture€includes€psychological€as€well€as€physical€abuse€of€the€victim.€€òòId.óó€at€652„56.€Ð 'º , ÐHowever,€the€defendant€must€have€specifically€intended€the€abuse€apart€from€the€killingÐ (¦!- Ð(òòRichmond€v.€Lewisóó,€506€U.S.€40,€45,€51,€113€S.€Ct.€528,€533,€536€(1992),€and€the€victim€mustÐ ö(’". Ðhave€been€conscious€of€the€abuse€(òòSochor€v.€Floridaóó,€504€U.S.€at€537,€112€S.€Ct.€at€2121).€€òòSeeÐ â)~#/ Ðalsoóó€18€U.S.C.€2340€(2);€òòUnited€States€v.€Jonesóó,€132€F.3d€232,€249„50€(5th€Cir.),€òòaffððdóó,€527€U.S.Ð Î*j$0 Ð373€(1999);€òòUnited€States€v.€Hallóó,€152€F.3d€381,€414„16€(5th€Cir.€1998)òòóó;€òòabrogated€in€part€onÐ d Ðother€groundsóó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Martinez„Salazaróó,€528€U.S.€304€(2000).€Ð Pì ÐààThis€statutory€language€has€been€challenged€as€impermissibly€vague€and€overbroad€on€itsÐ ²N Ðface.€€òòMaynard€v.€Cartwrightóó,€486€U.S.€356,€362„65€(1988).€€òòBut€see€Proffitt€v.€Floridaóó,€428€U.S.Ð ž : Ð242,€255„56€(1976)€("especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel"€language€is€not€unconstitutionallyÐ Š & Ðvague€when€limited€to€"conscienceless€or€pitiless€crime€which€is€unnecessarily€torturous€to€theÐ v Ðvictim").€€Ð bþ ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3d€989,€1001€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),€the€court€concluded€that€theÐ Ä ` Ðlimiting€instruction€extensively€defining€the€words€"heinous,"€"cruel"€and€"depraved"€cured€anyÐ °L Ðvagueness€problem.€€The€court€also€rejected€defendantððs€contention€that€this€factor€and€theÐ œ8 Ðvulnerable€victim€factor€(4.03K)€were€impermissibly€duplicative,€finding€that€each€of€the€factorsÐ ˆ$ Ðwas€directed€to€entirely€distinct€aspects€of€the€offense.€€òòId.óó€Ð t ÐÖ€ ŸìòÖÓ €Óà@ßßìàòòÔ Ô12.07G€€PROCUREMENT€OF€COMMISSION€OF€THE€OFFENSE€BY€ˆÐ d Ðà@; ; ìàPAYMENT€OF€SOMETHING€OF€PECUNIARY€VALUEˆÐ Pì Ðà@ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(7);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(6)€and€(7))ÔplPÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€procured€the€commission€of€the€offense€by€[payment]€[promise€ofÐ ° Ðpayment]€of€anything€of€pecuniary€value€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].€€To€establish€thatÐ v Ðthe€defendant€procured€the€commission€of€the€offense€by€[payment]€[promise€of€payment]€ofÐ Øt Ðanything€of€pecuniary€value,€the€government€must€prove,€in€essence,€that€the€defendant€arrangedÐ :Ö Ðto€have€someone€else€commit€the€offense€or€assist€in€committing€it.€€[There€is€no€requirementÐ œ8 Ðthat€the€government€prove€that€something€of€pecuniary€value€actually€changed€hands.]€€ToÐ þš Ð"procure€commission€of€the€offense"€means€to€obtain€it€or€bring€it€about.€€The€words€"payment€orÐ `ü Ðpromise€of€payment"€should€be€given€their€ordinary,€everyday€meaning€which€includes€giving€orÐ Â^ Ðoffering€compensation€in€return€for€services.€€"Anything€of€pecuniary€value"€means€anything€inÐ $À Ðthe€form€of€money,€property,€or€anything€else€having€some€economic€value,€benefit,€orÐ †" Ðadvantage.€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ è„ ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ Jæ ÐààSection€1958(b)(1),€Title€18,€United€States€Code,€describes€the€term€"anything€ofÐ ¬H Ðpecuniary€value"€as€"anything€of€value€in€the€form€of€money,€a€negotiable€instrument,€aÐ ˜4 ÐÔ'&JéUÔcommercial€interest,€or€anything€else€the€primary€significance€of€which€is€economic€advantage."€Ð „ ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Ransbottomóó,€914€F.2d€743,€745-46€(6th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€971€(1990).Ð p ÐààThe€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Edelinóó,€134€F.€Supp.2d€59,€80„81€(D.D.C.€2001)€(ðð€848),Ð Òn! Ðrejected€vagueness€and€overbreadth€challenges€to€this€aggravator.Ð ¾Z" ÐÖ€¡ ìóÖÓ €Óà@ùùìàòòÔ Ô12.07H€€COMMISSION€OF€THE€OFFENSE€FOR€PECUNIARY€GAINˆÐ d Ðà@ZZìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(8);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(7))ÔplÐYÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€committed€the€offense€[as€consideration€for€the€receipt]€[in€theÐ ( Ä Ðexpectation€of€the€receipt]€of€anything€of€pecuniary€value€[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].€€Ð Š & ÐààTo€establish€that€a€defendant€committed€an€offense€[as€consideration€for€the€receipt]€[inÐ ìˆ Ðthe€expectation€of€the€receipt]€of€anything€of€pecuniary€value,€the€government€must€prove€thatÐ N ê Ðthe€defendant€committed€the€offense€[in€consideration€for]€[in€the€expectation€of]€anything€in€theÐ °L Ðform€of€money,€property,€or€anything€else€having€some€economic€value,€benefit,€or€advantage.€Ð ® Ð["Consideration"€in€this€context€means€a€payment€or€promise€of€payment€in€return€for€services.]€Ð t Ð[There€is€no€requirement€that€the€government€prove€that€something€of€pecuniary€value€actuallyÐ Ör Ðchanged€hands.]€€[The€words€"receipt€or€expectation€of€receipt"€should€be€given€their€ordinary,Ð 8Ô Ðeveryday€meaning€which€includes€obtaining€or€expecting€to€obtain€something.]€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ š6 ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ ü˜ ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Bernardóó,€299€F.3d€467,€483€(5òòthóó€Cir.€2002),€the€Fifth€Circuit€held€thatÐ ^ú Ð"the€application€of€the€ððpecuniary€gainðð€aggravating€factor€is€limited€to€situations€whereÐ Jæ ÐÔ'&üP_Ôððpecuniary€gainðð€is€expected€ððto€follow€as€a€direct€result€of€the€[murder],ðð"€(quoting€òòUnited€StatesÐ 6Ò Ðv.€Chanthadaraóó,€230€F.3d€1237,€1263€(10òòthóó€Cir.€2000)).€€The€òòBernardóó€court€concluded€that€"thisÐ "¾ Ðaggravating€factor€is€only€applicable€where€the€jury€finds€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ ª Ðmur‚der€itself€was€committed€ððas€consideration€for,€or€in€the€expectation€ofðð€pecuniary€gain."€€299Ð ú– ÐF.3d€at€483.€Ð æ‚ ÐààHowever,€€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Walkeróó,€910€F.€Supp.€837€(N.D.N.Y.€1995),€the€districtÐ Hä! Ðcourt€addressed€identical€language€contained€in€the€Title€21€death€penalty€provision,€21€U.S.€C.Ð 4 Ð" Ððð848(n)(7),€and€determined€that€the€clause€has€two€prongs:€€(1)€"the€offense€was€committed€ððasÐ !¼# Ðconsideration€for€the€receiptðð€or€(2)€ððin€expectation€of€the€receiptðð€of€something€of€pecuniaryÐ "¨$ Ðvalue."€€It€held€that€the€first€prong€is€intended€to€cover€murder„for„hire€situations,€but€the€secondÐ ø"”% Ðprong€has€a€much€wider€scope€and€includes€any€murder€where€the€murderer€expected€to€receiveÐ ä#€& Ðanything€of€pecuniary€value.€€910€F.€Supp.€at€848„49.€€It€also€noted€that€the€source€of€theÐ Ð$l' Ðpecuniary€gain€is€irrelevant.€€910€F.€Supp.€at€848„49.€€òòAccord€United€States€v.€Cooperóó,€91€F.Ð ¼%X( ÐSupp.2d€90,€105„06€(D.D.C.€2000).€Ð ¨&D ) ÐààThe€phrase€"anything€of€pecuniary€value"€appears€in€18€U.S.C.€ðð€1958(b)(1).€€That€statuteÐ (¦!+ Ðdefines€the€phrase€as€"anything€of€value€in€the€form€of€money,€a€negotiable€instrument,€aÐ ö(’", Ðcommercial€interest,€or€anything€else€the€primary€significance€of€which€is€economic€advantage."€Ð â)~#- ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Ransbottomóó,€914€F.2d€743,€745-46€(6th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€971€(1990).Ð Î*j$. ÐààThe€courts€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Spiveyóó,€958€F.€Supp.€1523,€1531€(D.N.M.€1997)€and€òòUnitedÐ d ÐStates€v.€Davisóó,€904€F.€Supp.€554,€558€(E.D.€La.€1995),€rejected€vagueness€and€overbreadthÐ Pì Ðchallenges€to€sections€848(n)(7)€and€3592(c)(8),€respectively.Ð <Ø ÐààAs€to€impermissible€duplication,€the€Eighth€Circuit€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3dÐ ž : Ð989,€1001€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),€found€that€any€error€in€the€use€of€pecuniary€gain€as€a€statutoryÐ Š & Ðaggravating€factor€because€it€was€also€an€element€of€the€underlying€offense€was€harmless,€givenÐ v Ðthat€the€jury€found€two€other€aggravators€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð bþ ÐÖ€¢¡ìôÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.07I€€COMMISSION€OF€THE€OFFENSE€AFTER€SUBSTANTIAL€PLANNING€ˆÐ d Ðà@îî ìàAND€PREMEDITATION€(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(9);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(8))ÔneôlÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€committed€the€offense€of€(name€of€offense)[,€as€charged€in€Count€òò€€€€€óó€ofÐ ( Ä Ðthe€indictment],€for€which€you€have€found€[him]€[her]€guilty,€after€substantial€planning€andÐ Š & Ðpremeditation€to€cause€the€death€of€(name€of€victim).€€"Planning"€means€mentally€formulating€aÐ ìˆ Ðmethod€for€doing€something€or€achieving€some€end.€€"Premeditation"€means€thinking€orÐ N ê Ðdeliberating€about€something€and€deciding€whether€to€do€it€beforehand.€€"Substantial"€planningÐ °L Ðand€premeditation€means€a€considerable€or€significant€amount€of€planning€and€premeditation.òò1óó€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ ® ÐÔ&&Ôà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ t Ðàà1.€€òòSee€United€States€v.€McCullahóó,€76€F.3d€1087,€1110„11€(10th€Cir.€1996)€("ððSubstantialððÐ Ör Ðplanning€does€not€require€`considerably€more€planning€than€is€typicalðð€but€rather€it€meansÐ Â^ ÐÔ'&tËpÔððconsiderableðð€or€ððample€for€commission€of€the€crime.ðð"),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€520€U.S.€1213€(1997);Ð ®J ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Tiptonóó,€90€F.3d€861,€896€(4th€Cir.)€("substantial"€means€"more€than€theÐ š6 Ðminimum€amount€sufficient€to€commit€the€offense"€or€"ððmore€than€merely€adequate.ðð"),€òòcert.Ð †" Ðdeniedóó,€520€U.S.€1253€(1996);€òòUnited€States€v.€Floresóó,€63€F.3d€1342,€1374€(5th€Cir.€1995)Ð r Ð("substantial"€denotes€"a€thing€of€high€magnitude"€and€"the€term€alone,€without€furtherÐ ^ú Ðexplanation,€[is]€sufficient€to€convey€that€meaning€and€to€enable€the€jury€to€make€an€objectiveÐ Jæ Ðassessment.ðð),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€519€U.S.€825€(1996).Ð 6Ò ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ ˜4 ÐààThe€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Gloveróó,€43€F.€Supp.2d€1217,€1225€(D.€Kan.€1999),€rejected€aÐ ú– Ðvagueness€challenge€to€section€3592(c)(9).€€The€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Spiveyóó,€958€F.€Supp.Ð æ‚ ÐÔ'&˜suÔ1523,€1531€(D.N.M.€1997),€rejected€vagueness€and€overbreadth€challenges€to€the€comparableÐ Òn Ðaggravator€in€the€Title€21€death€penalty€statute,€section€€848(n)(8).Ð ¾Z ÐÖ€¤¢ìõÖÓ €Óà@ìàòòÔ Ô12.07J€€DEFENDANTððS€PRIOR€CONVICTIONS€FOR€TWO€OR€MORE€ˆÐ d Ðà@ÛÛìàFELONY€DRUG€DISTRIBUTION€OFFENSES€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(10),€(d)(2);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(4))ÔneqxÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€has€[previously]òò1óó€been€convicted€of€two€or€more€[State]€[Federal]Ð ° Ðoffenses€punishable€by€a€term€of€imprisonment€of€more€than€one€year,€committed€on€differentÐ v Ðoccasions,€involving€the€distribution€of€a€controlled€substance,€to€wit:€€[summarize€pertinentÐ Øt Ðaspects€of€the€predicate€offense(s),€including€name€of€each€offense€and€how€each€offenseÐ :Ö Ðinvolved€distribution€of€a€controlled€substance].€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ œ8 ÐÔ&NÔà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ þš Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.07B,€òòsupraóó.€Ô'NþÝ{ÔÐ `ü ÐÖ€§¤ìöÖÓ €Óà@VVìàòòÔ Ô12.07K€VULNERABLE€VICTIMˆÐ d Ðà@((ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(11);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(9))ÔneÍ|ÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[Name€of€victim]€was€particularly€vulnerable€due€to€[old€age]€[youth]€[infirmity]Ð ( Ä Ð[summarize€pertinent€predicate€facts].€Ð Š & ÐààTo€establish€the€existence€of€this€factor,€the€government€must€prove€that€the€victim€wasÐ ìˆ Ðparticularly€vulnerable€due€to€old€age,€youth,€or€infirmity.€€The€words€"particularly"€andÐ N ê Ð"vulnerable"€should€be€given€their€plain,€ordinary,€everyday€meaning.Ð °L Ðàà"Particularly"€means€especially,€significantly,€unusually,€or€high€in€degree.€€"Vulnerable"Ð ® Ðmeans€subject€to€being€attacked€or€injured€by€reason€of€some€weakness.€€Thus,€to€be€"particularlyÐ t Ðvulnerable"€means€to€be€especially€or€significantly€vulnerable,€or€vulnerable€to€an€unusual€orÐ Ör Ðhigh€degree.Ð 8Ô Ðàà"Old€age"€means€advanced€in€years,€aged,€elderly,€or€an€old€person,€that€is:€any€personÐ š6 Ðwho€was,€by€reason€of€a€condition€related€to€old€age,€significantly€less€able:€€(1)€to€avoid,€resist,Ð ü˜ Ðor€withstand€any€attacks,€persuasions,€or€temptations,€or€(2)€to€recognize,€judge,€or€discern€anyÐ ^ú Ðdangers,€risks,€or€threats.€€Ð À\ Ðàà"Youth"€means€that€the€victim€was€a€child,€a€juvenile,€a€young€person,€or€a€minor,€that€is:Ð "¾ Ðany€person€who€was,€by€reason€of€youthful€immaturity€or€inexperience,€significantly€less€able:€Ð „ Ð(1)€to€avoid,€resist,€or€withstand€any€attacks,€persuasions,€or€temptations,€or€(2)€to€recognize,Ð æ‚! Ðjudge,€or€discern€any€dangers,€risks,€or€threats.Ð Hä# Ðàà"Infirmity"€means€a€mental€or€physical€weakness,€disability,€deficiency,€illness€orÐ ª F% Ðcondition€which€makes€a€person€less€able:€€(1)€to€avoid,€resist,€or€withstand€any€attacks,Ð "¨' Ðpersuasions,€or€temptations,€or€(2)€to€recognize,€judge,€or€discern€any€dangers,€risks,€or€threats.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ n# ) Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ Ð$l+ ÐààòòSeeóó€Websterððs€Ninth€New€Collegiate€Dictionary,€233,€424,€656,€858,€1323,€1335,€1369Ð 2&Î- Ð(1990);€òòFrancis€v.€Franklinóó,€471€U.S.€307,€315€(1985);€òòSandstrom€v.€Montanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,Ð 'º . Ð515€(1979);€1A€Kevin€F.€OððMalley,€et€al.,€FòòEDERALóó€JòòURYóó€PòòRACTICE€ANDóó€IòòNSTRUCTIONSóó:€Ð (¦!/ ÐCriminal€ðððð17.04€and€17.07€(5th€ed.€2000);€òòUnited€States€v.€Pretlowóó,€779€F.€Supp.€758,€774Ð ö(’"0 Ð(D.N.J.€1991)€(youth).Ð â)~#1 ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€136€F.€Supp.2d€553,€560€(W.D.€Va€2001),€the€court€struckÐ D+à$3 Ðthis€aggravator,€which€was€based€on€the€fact€that€the€victim€was€pregnant.€€The€court€rejected€theÐ 0,Ì%4 Ðgovernmentððs€contention€that€it€was€not€required€to€show€a€nexus€between€the€victimððs€pregƒÐ d Ðnancy€and€the€crime,€relying€on€the€fact€that€"those€state€courts€which€have€interpreted€andÐ Pì Ðapplied€similar€aggravating€factors€have€universally€required€that€the€victimððs€pregnancy„basedÐ <Ø Ðvulnerability€somehow€contribute€to€the€victimððs€injury€or€death."€€The€court€concluded€that€noÐ ( Ä Ðnexus€was€shown€„€the€victim€was€killed€instantaneously€by€an€explosive€device,€and€nothingÐ ° Ðabout€her€pregnancy€weakened€her€ability€to€withstand€the€blast.Ð œ ÐšààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3d€989,€1001€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),šš€the€court€rejectedÐ bþ Ðdefendantððs€contention€that€the€heinous,€cruel€and€depraved€factor€(Instruction€12.07F)€and€theÐ N ê Ðvulnerable€victim€factor€were€impermissibly€duplicative,€finding€that€each€of€the€factors€wasÐ :Ö Ðdirected€to€entirely€distinct€aspects€of€the€offense.€€òòId.óó€Ð &Â ÐÖ€ª§ì÷ÖÓ €Óà@··ìàòòÔ Ô12.07L€€PREVIOUS€CONVICTION€FOR€A€FEDERAL€NARCOTICS€VIOLATION€ˆÐ d Ðà@uuìàFOR€WHICH€A€SENTENCE€OF€FIVE€OR€MORE€YEARS€MAY€BE€IMPOSED,€OR€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@++ìàPRIOR€CONVICTION€FOR€A€CONTINUING€CRIMINAL€ENTERPRISE€ˆÐ <Ø Ðà@Ö Ö ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(12),€(d)(3);€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(10))ÔóYŽÔóóˆÐ ( Ä ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€had€been€convictedòò1óó€of€[[federal€narcotics€violation]€for€which€a€sentenceÐ œ Ðof€five€or€more€years€may€be€imposed]€[engaging€in€a€continuing€criminal€enterprise]€[summarizeÐ bþ Ðpertinent€aspects€of€the€predicate€offense(s)].€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ Ä ` Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ &Â Ðàà1.€€The€use€of€the€past€perfect€tense€"had"€in€this€subsection€makes€it€clear€that€theÐ ˆ$ Ðconviction€must€predate€the€charged€murder.€€Compare€Instructions€12.07B,€12.07C,€12.07D€andÐ t Ð12.07J€in€which€the€past€tense€"has"€is€used.òò€óó€Subsequent€serious€criminal€activity€can€be€used€asÐ `ü Ðnonstatutory€aggravating€evidence.€€òòSee€United€States€v.€Piteraóó,€795€F.€Supp.€546,€564Ð Pì Ð(E.D.N.Y.),€òòaffððdóó,€986€F.2d€499€(2d.€Cir.€1992).€€Ð <Ø ÐÖ€¬ªìøÖÓ €Óà@kkìàòòÔ Ô12.07M€€CONTINUING€CRIMINAL€ENTERPRISE€INVOLVING€DRUG€ˆÐ d Ðà@þþìàSALES€TO€MINORS€(18€U.S.C.€ðððð€3592(c)(13),€(d)(5)(6)€and€(7);€ˆÐ Pì Ðà@øøìà21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(n)(11);€òòóó21€U.S.C.€ðððð802(8)€(11))Ôó”ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€ÓààThe€defendant€committed€the€offense€of€[describe€the€pertinent€offense,€e.g.,€the€details€ofÐ ° Ðdistributionòò1óó€in€violation€of€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(c)€of€controlled€substances€to€persons€under€21€inÐ v Ðviolation€of€21€U.S.C.€ðð€859]€in€the€course€of€engaging€in€a€continuing€criminal€enterprise€inÐ Øt Ðviolation€of€section€408(c)€of€the€Controlled€Substances€Act.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ :Ö Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóˆÐ œ8 Ðàà1.€€The€term€"distribution"€may€be€defined€if€the€meaning€is€unclear€in€the€context€of€theÐ þš Ðcase.Ð ê† Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ Lè ÐààòòSeeóó€21€U.S.C.€802(10)€("'dispense'€means€to€deliver€a€controlled€substance€to€an€ultimateÐ ®J Ðuser").€€Congress,€by€using€the€word€"distribute"€rather€than€the€word€"dispense,"€did€not€limitÐ š6 Ðfactor€(n)(11)€only€to€the€distribution€of€drugs€to€minors€for€ingestion.€€Section€(n)(11)'s€referenceÐ †" Ðto€section€845€does€not€change€this€result.€€Section€845€(and€section€859,€to€which€it€wasÐ r Ðtransferred)€proscribe€"distributing€a€controlled€substance€to€a€person€under€twenty„one€years€ofÐ ^ú Ðage"€without€any€limitation€that€such€distribution€must€be€for€the€recipient's€use.€€This€appliesÐ Jæ Ðequally€to€the€similarly„worded€aggravating€factor€contained€in€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(13)€for€TitleÐ 6Ò Ð18€homicides.€€òòCf.óó€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(d)€(statutory€aggravating€factors€for€nonhomicidal€drugÐ "¾ Ðoffenses€in€violation€of€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3591(b)(1)„(2)€at€sections€3592(c)(5)„(7)€separatelyÐ ª Ðenumerating€distribution€to€persons€under€21,€distribution€near€schools,€and€using€minors€inÐ ú– Ðtrafficking).€€Had€Congress€intended€this€same€distinction€for€the€statutory€aggravating€factors€forÐ æ‚ ÐTitle€21€and€18€homicides€under€sections€848(n)(11)€and€3592(c)(13),€respectively,€CongressÐ Òn Ðcould€(and€presumably€would)€have€indicated€this€in€the€same€manner.€€Thus,€such€a€distinctionÐ ¾Z Ðshould€not€be€"read€into"€the€statutory€aggravating€factors€under€sections€848(n)(11)€andÐ ª F Ð3592(c)(13)€where,€evidently,€it€was€not€intended€by€Congress.Ð –!2! ÐÖ€®¬ìùÖÓ €Óà@““ìàòòÔ Ô12.07N€COMMISSION€OF€THE€OFFENSE€AGAINST€A€HIGH€PUBLIC€OFFICIALÔó÷ŸÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€Óàà[Defendant]€committed€the€offense€against€[name€of€victim],€who€was€at€that€timeÐ <Ø Ð[specify€position€and/or€activity€which€makes€the€victim€a€high€public€official€as€designated€inÐ ž : Ðsection€3592(c)(14)].Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ œ Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ bþ ÐààSection€3592(c)(14)€establishes€as€an€aggravating€factor€that€the€defendant€committed€theÐ Ä ` Ðoffense€against:Ð °L Ðà8à(A)€the€President€of€the€United€States,€the€President„elect,€the€Vice€President,€theÐ ® ÐVice€President„elect,€the€Vice€President„designate,€or,€if€there€is€no€ViceÐ þš ÐPresident,€the€officer€next€in€order€of€succession€to€the€office€of€the€President€ofÐ ê† Ðthe€United€States,€or€any€person€who€is€acting€as€President€under€the€ConstitutionÐ Ör Ðand€laws€of€the€United€States;ÐÂ^ Ð Ð Ðà0à(B)€a€chief€of€state,€head€of€government,€or€the€political€equivalent,€of€a€foreign€nation;Ð$À(#(# Ðà8à(C)€a€foreign€official€listed€in€section€1116(b)(3)(A),€if€the€official€is€in€the€UnitedÐ †" ÐStates€on€official€business;€orÐrÐ Ð Ðà8à(D)€a€Federal€public€servant€who€is€a€judge,€a€law€enforcement€officer,€or€anÐ Ôp Ðemployee€of€a€United€States€penal€or€correctional€institution€„„ÐÀ\Ð Ð Ðààà` à(i)€while€he€or€she€is€engaged€in€the€performance€of€his€or€her€official€duties;Ð "¾ Ðààà` à(ii)€because€of€the€performance€of€his€or€her€official€duties;€orÐ „ Ðààà` à(iii)€because€of€his€or€her€status€as€a€public€servant.Ð æ‚ Ðà0àFor€purposes€of€this€subparagraph,€a€"law€enforcement€officer"€is€a€public€servantÐ Hä! Ðauthorized€by€law€or€by€a€Government€agency€or€Congress€to€conduct€or€engage€in€theÐ 4 Ð" Ðprevention,€investigation,€or€prosecution€or€adjudication€of€an€offense,€and€includes€thoseÐ !¼# Ðengaged€in€corrections,€parole,€or€probation€functions.Ð "¨$(#(# ÐÖ€°®ìúÖÓ €Óà@ö ö ìàòòÔ Ô12.07O€€DEFENDANTððS€PREVIOUS€CONVICTION€FOR€ˆÐ d Ðà@ççìàSEXUAL€ASSAULT,€CHILD€MOLESTATIONˆÐ Pì Ðà@ÚÚìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(15))ÔóÑ©ÔóóˆÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€has€previously€been€convicted€of€[describe€the€predicate€offense€ofÐ ° Ðsexual€assault€or€child€molestation].òò1óó€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ v Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ Øt Ðàà1.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.07B,€òòsupraóó.€Ð :Ö Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ œ8 ÐààThis€factor€can€be€applied€only€where€the€defendant€is€being€sentenced€pursuant€to€18Ð þš ÐU.S.C.€ðððð€2245€or€2251.€€òòSeeóó€18€U.S.C.€ðððð€2241„45€for€pertinent€definitions€regarding€"sexualÐ ê† Ðassault"€and€"child€molestation."Ð Ör ÐÖ€²°ìûÖÓ €Óà@9 9 ìàòòÔ Ô12.07P€€MULTIPLE€KILLINGS€OR€ATTEMPTED€KILLINGSˆÐ d Ðà@rrìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(16);€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3591(a)(2)(A))Ô ÷ÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€Óàà[The€defendant]€intentionally€[killed]€[attempted€to€kill]€[more€than€one€person]€[name€orÐ ( Ä Ðnames€of€additional€persons,€if€known]€in€a€single€criminal€episode.€Ð Š & ÐààTo€establish€the€existence€of€this€factor,€the€government€must€prove€that€the€defendantÐ ìˆ Ðintentionally€killed€or€attempted€to€kill€more€than€one€person€in€a€single€criminal€episode.Ð N ê Ðàà"More€than€one€person"€means€one€or€more€other€people€in€addition€to€killing€the€victim,Ð °L Ð________________________,€named€in€Count€_____.€€In€this€case,€the€government€alleges€thatÐ ® Ðthe€defendant€intentionally€killed€or€attempted€to€kill€[describe€the€person(s)€by€name€or€otherÐ t Ðsufficient€detail]€in€addition€to€killing€the€victim.Ð Ör Ðàà"Intentionally€killing"€a€person€means€killing€a€person€on€purpose,€that€is:€€willfully,Ð 8Ô Ðdeliberately,€or€with€a€conscious€desire€to€cause€a€personððs€death€(and€not€just€accidentally€orÐ š6 Ðinvoluntarily).Ð ü˜ Ðàà"Attempting€to€kill"€a€person€means€purposely€doing€some€act€which€constitutes€aÐ ^ú Ðsubstantial€step€(beyond€mere€preparation€or€planning)€toward€killing€a€person,€and€doing€so€withÐ À\ Ðthe€intent€to€cause€a€personððs€death.Ð "¾ Ðàà"A€single€criminal€episode"€is€an€act€or€series€of€related€criminal€acts€which€occur€withinÐ „ Ða€relatively€limited€time(s)€and€place(s),€or€are€directed€at€the€same€person(s),€or€are€part€of€aÐ æ‚! Ðcontinuous€course€of€conduct€related€in€time,€place,€or€purpose.Ð Hä# ÐààA€person€of€sound€mind€and€discretion€may€be€presumed€to€have€intended€the€ordinary,Ð ª F% Ðnatural,€and€probable€consequences€of€his€knowing€and€voluntary€acts.€€However,€thisÐ "¨' Ðpresumption€is€not€required.€€Thus,€you€may€infer€from€the€defendant's€conduct€that€theÐ n# ) Ðdefendant€intended€to€kill€a€person€if€you€find:€€(1)€that€the€defendant€was€a€person€of€soundÐ Ð$l+ Ðmind€and€discretion;€(2)€that€person's€death€was€an€ordinary,€natural,€and€probable€consequenceÐ 2&Î- Ðof€the€defendant's€acts€(even€if€the€personððs€death€did€not€actually€result,€in€the€case€of€anÐ ”'0!/ Ðattempt);€and€(3)€that€the€defendant€committed€these€acts€knowingly€and€voluntarily.€€But€onceÐ ö(’"1 Ðagain,€you€are€not€required€to€make€such€an€inference.Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ X*ô#3 ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ d ÐààòòSee€Blackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó,€127,€810„11€(6th€ed.€1990);€òòFrancis€v.€Franklinóó,€471€U.S.Ð Æb Ð307,€315€(1985);€òòSandstrom€v.€Montanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,€515€(1979);€1A€Kevin€F.€OððMalley,€et€al.,Ð ²N ÐFòòEDÔ'&dQ¹ÔERALóó€JòòURYóó€PòòRACTICE€ANDóó€IòòNSTRUCTIONSóó:€€Criminal€ðð€17.07€(5th€ed.€2000);òòóó€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ž : ÐGrahamóó,€858€F.2d€986,€992€(5th€Cir.€1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€489€U.S.€1020€(1989);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð Š & ÐReevesóó,€594€F.2d€536,€541€(6th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€442€U.S.€946€(1979);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð v ÐWashingtonóó,€898€F.2d€439,€440„42€(5th€Cir.€1990);€òòZito€v.€Moutalóó,€174€F.€Supp.€531,€535„37Ð bþ Ð(N.D.€Ill.€1959).Ð N ê ÐààIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Bin€Ladenóó,€126€F.€Supp.2d€290,€300€(S.D.N.Y.€2001),€the€courtÐ °L Ðrejected€defendantsðð€argument€that€the€"multiple€killings€or€attempted€killings"€aggravator€wasÐ œ8 Ðimpermissibly€duplicative€of€the€"grave€risk€of€death"€aggravator€or€the€"victim€impact"Ð ˆ$ Ðaggravator.€€The€court€concluded€that€the€multiple€killings€aggravator€related€to€defendantsððÐ t Ð"particular€desire€that€there€be€multiple€victims,€rather€than€just€one€„€i.e.,€the€sheer€magnitude€ofÐ `ü Ðthe€crime."€€It€stated€that€the€"grave€risk€of€death"€aggravator€related€to€"defendantsðð€mental€stateÐ Lè Ðwith€respect€to€persons€who€were€not€the€intended€victims€of€the€bombings."€€The€"victimÐ 8Ô Ðimpact"€aggravator,€on€the€other€hand,€"highlight[ed]€the€objective€human€effects€of€DefendantsððÐ $À Ðactions,€as€distinct€from€the€Defendantsðð€subjective€mindset."Ð ¬ ÐÖ€´²ìüÖÓ €Óà@| | ìàòòÔ Ô12.08€€NONSTATUTORY€AGGRAVATING€FACTORSÔthÊÂÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€Óàà[If€you€have€found€the€existence€of€one€or€more€statutory€aggravating€factors€unanimouslyÐ <Ø Ðand€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€you€must€then€consider€whether€the€government€has€proved€theÐ ž : Ðexistence€of€[a]€[any]€non-statutory€aggravating€factor[s].€€As€in€the€case€for€statutoryÐ œ Ðaggravating€factors,€you€must€unanimously€agree€that€the€government€has€proved€beyond€aÐ bþ Ðreasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€[any€of]€the€alleged€non-statutory€aggravating€factor[s]òò1óó€beforeÐ Ä ` Ðyou€may€consider€such€factor[s]€in€your€deliberations€on€the€appropriate€punishment€for€theÐ &Â Ðdefendant€in€this€case.Ð ˆ$ ÐààIn€addition€to€any€statutory€aggravating€factors€you€have€found,€you€are€permitted€toÐ ê† Ðconsider€and€discuss€only€the€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor[s]€specifically€claimed€by€theÐ Lè Ðgovernment€and€listed€below.€€You€must€not€consider€any€other€facts€in€aggravation€which€youÐ ®J Ðthink€of€on€your€own.€€Ð ¬ ÐààThe€[first]€non-statutory€aggravating€factor€alleged€by€the€government€is€that€[LIST€ASÐ r ÐAPPROPRIATE]€€[THE€FOLLOWING€ARE€EXAMPLES]:Ð Ôp Ðà8à1.à` à[The€defendant]€participated€in€additional€uncharged€murders,€attemptedÐ 6Ò Ðmurders,€or€other€serious€crimes€of€violence€[describe€pertinent€facts]òò2óó,€and€hisÐ˜4Ð Ð Ðààparticipation€in€those€acts€tends€to€support€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.òò3óóÐ ú– Ðà8à2.à` à[The€defendant]€would€be€a€danger€in€the€future€to€the€lives€and€safety€ofÐ \ø" Ðother€persons,òò4óó€as€evidenced€by€[describe€pertinent€facts]:Ð¾Z$Ð Ð Ðààà8` àa.à¸àspecific€threats€of€violence,òò5óóÐ !¼&` x` x Ðààà8` àb.à¸àcontinuing€pattern€of€violence,òò6óóÐ‚"(` x` x Ðààà8` àc.à¸àlow€rehabilitative€potential,òò7óóÐä#€*` x` x Ðààà8` àd.à¸àlack€of€remorse,òò8óóÐF%â,` x` x Ðààà8` àe.à¸àmental€evaluation,€i.e.,€psychopathic€personality,òò9óóÐ¨&D .` x` x Ðààà8` àf.à¸àcustody€classification,€and/orÐ (¦!0` x` x Ðààà` àg.à¸àother.Ð l)#2 Ðà0àand€his€dangerousness€tends€to€support€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.òò10óóÐÎ*j$4(#(# Ðà8à3.à` à[The€defendant]€obstructed€a€criminal€investigation,€tampered€with€orÐ d Ðretaliated€against€a€witness,€[describe€pertinent€facts],òò11óó€and€that€[obstruction]Ð Æb Ð[tampering]€[retaliation]€tends€to€support€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.òò12óó€Ð( ÄÐ Ð Ðà8à4.€à` à[Victim€impact€„€the€wording€of€this€aggravator€must€be€tailored€to€theÐ Š & Ðfacts€of€the€case.]òò13óóÐìˆÐ Ð ÐààAt€this€point€you€must€record€your€findings€regarding€whether€you€unanimously€find€thatÐ N ê Ðthe€government€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€[this]€[any€of€these]Ð °L Ðnon-statutory€aggravating€factor[s]€[with€respect€to€the€same€murder].€€Please€enter€that€findingÐ ® Ðon€[Page€òò€€€€óó]€[the€appropriate€page]€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form,€and€continue€yourÐ t Ðdeliberations.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ Ör Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ 8Ô Ðàà1.€€Whether€a€factor€is€aggravating€is€a€question€of€law,€rather€than€a€question€of€fact€forÐ š6 Ðthe€jury€to€decide.€€òòUnited€States€v.€McCullahóó,€76€F.3d€1087,€1107€(10th€Cir.€1996),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð †" Ð520€U.S.€1213€(1997);€òòUnited€States€v.€McVeighóó,€944€F.€Supp.€1478,€1486€(D.€Colo.€1996).Ð r Ðàà2.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€789„90€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€andÐ Ôp Ðremanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002),€the€court€rejected€defendantððs€contentionÐ À\ Ðthat€the€"other€criminal€acts"€aggravator€is€impermissibly€duplicative€of€the€six€statutoryÐ ¬H Ðaggravating€factors€based€upon€prior€criminal€acts€and€violates€the€Constitution.€€The€court€alsoÐ ˜4 Ðheld,€on€the€facts€of€the€case,€that€the€aggravator€was€not€impermissibly€duplicative€of€the€futureÐ „ Ðdangerousness€factor,€because€the€governmentððs€evidence€used€to€support€the€finding€of€eachÐ p Ðfactor€was€sufficiently€different.€€òòóóIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€136€F.€Supp.€2d€553,€556€(W.D.Ð \ø ÐVa.€2001),€the€court€struck€the€"criminal€livelihood"€aggravator€because€there€was€nothing€aboutÐ Hä! Ðthe€factor,€and€the€non„adjudicated,€non„violent€criminal€acts€which€the€government€presented€inÐ 4 Ð" Ðsupport€of€the€factor,€that€were€"particularly€relevant€to€the€sentencing€decision."Ð !¼# Ðàà3.€€To€avoid€jury€confusion€in€the€event€that€the€jury€finds€that€the€facts€supporting€theÐ ‚"% Ðaggravator€have€been€proved€but€the€jury€does€not€consider€those€facts€to€be€aggravating,€eachÐ n# & Ðnonstatutory€aggravating€factor€submitted€to€the€jury€should€include€language€that€the€factor€isÐ Z$ö' Ðaggravating€as€that€term€is€defined€in€Instruction€12.01,€òòsupraóó.Ð F%â( Ðàà4.€€The€Supreme€Court€has€approved€consideration€of€a€defendant's€future€dangerousnessÐ ¨&D * Ðin€capital€sentencing,€as€both€statutory€and€non-statutory€aggravation.€€òòSee€Simmons€v.€SouthÐ ”'0!+ ÐCarolinaóó,€512€U.S.€154,€162„63,€114€S.€Ct.€2187,€2193€(1994)€(and€cases€cited€therein).€€òòSee€alsoÐ €(", ÐJurek€v.€Texasóó,€428€U.S.€at€272-73€("probability€that€the€defendant€would€commit€criminal€actsÐ l)#- Ðof€violence€that€would€constitute€a€continuing€threat€to€society").Ð X*ô#. Ðààà` àAs€a€general€rule,€"relevant,€unprivileged€evidence€[of€future€dangerousness]Ð d Ðshould€be€admitted€and€its€weight€left€to€the€factfinder[.]"€€òòBarefoot€v.€Estelleóó,€463€U.S.€880,€898Ð Pì Ð(1983)€(allowing€expert€testimony€on€future€dangerousness).€€òòSee,€e.g.,€Johnson€v.€Texasóó,€509Ð <Ø ÐU.S.€350,€355„56,€113€S.€Ct.€2658,€2662-63€(1993)€(affirming€a€death€sentence€where€a€findingÐ ( Ä Ðof€future€dangerousness€was€based€in€part€upon€lay€witness€testimony€about€unadjudicated€acts€ofÐ ° Ðviolence€committed€by€the€defendant€òòbothóó€prior€and€subsequent€to€the€instant€capital€murder).Ð œ Ðààà` àIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€789„90€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacatedÐ bþ Ðand€remanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002),€the€court€rejected€defendantððsÐ N ê Ðcontention€that€future€dangerousness€is€duplicative€of€the€statutory€aggravating€factors€andÐ :Ö Ðviolative€of€the€Constitution.€€The€court€also€reiterated€the€Supreme€Courtððs€holding€in€òòSimmonsÐ &Â Ðv.€South€Carolinaóó,€512€U.S.€at€178,€that€when€future€dangerousness€is€asserted€as€an€aggravatingÐ ® Ðfactor,€the€jury€must€be€instructed€that€the€defendant€is€parole€ineligible.€€òòId.óó€€òòSeeóó€InstructionÐ þš Ð12.12.€€However,€the€court€noted€that€"we€have€little€doubt€that€future€dangerousness€to€societyÐ ê† Ðand€to€prison€officials€and€other€inmates€during€incarceration€is€relevant€to€the€juryððs€finalÐ Ör Ðdetermination.€.€.€.€€A€defendant€in€prison€for€life€is€still€a€risk€to€prison€officials€and€to€otherÐ Â^ Ðinmates,€and€even€though€a€life€sentence€without€the€possibility€of€parole€greatly€reduces€theÐ ®J Ðfuture€danger€to€society€from€that€particular€defendant,€there€is€still€a€chance€that€the€defendantÐ š6 Ðmight€escape€from€prison€or€receive€a€pardon€or€commutation€of€sentence."€€247€F.3d€at€788.€Ð †" Ðàà5.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Davisóó,€912€F.€Supp.€938,€947€(E.D.€La.€1996),€òòaffððdóó,€132€F.3d€1454Ð è„ Ð(5th€Cir.€1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€118€S.€Ct.€1331€(1998),€the€court€held€that€"[t]hreatening€words€andÐ Ôp Ðwarped€bravado,€without€affirmative€acts"€were€not€admissible€to€prove€future€dangerousness.Ð À\ Ðàà6.€€Participation€in€additional€uncharged€homicides,€attempted€homicides,€or€other€seriousÐ "¾ Ðcrimes€of€violence.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€United€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€789€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgmentÐ ª Ðvacated€and€remanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002);€òòUnited€States€v.€Piteraóó,€795€F.Ð ú– ÐSupp.€at€564€(holding€that€the€evidence€of€the€defendant's€participation€in€other€murders€wasÐ æ‚ Ð"relevant€to€his€character€and€his€propensity€to€commit€violent€crimes").€€For€the€appropriatenessÐ Òn Ðof€the€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€of€causing€the€death€of€a€fetus,€òòsee€United€States€v.Ð ¾Z ÐJohnsonóó,€136€F.€Supp.2d€553,€561„62€(W.D.€Va.€2001).€€òòSee€United€States€v.€Gloveróó,€43€F.Ð ª F ÐSupp.2d€1217,€1226€(D.€Kan.€1999);€òòUnited€States€v.€Beckfordóó,€964€F.€Supp.€993€(E.D.€Va.Ð –!2 Ð1997),€òòUnited€States€v.€Walkeróó,€910€F.€Supp.€837,€852„54€(N.D.N.Y.€1995),€and€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ‚" ÐBradleyóó,€880€F.€Supp.€271,€286„87€(M.D.€Pa.€1994),€for€a€discussion€on€whether€and€in€whatÐ n# ! Ðcircumstances€evidence€of€unadjudicated€criminal€conduct€is€admissible€to€prove€futureÐ Z$ö" Ðdangerousness.Ð F%â# Ðàà7.€€Two€courts€have€stricken€"low€potential€for€rehabilitation"€as€duplicative€of€futureÐ ¨&D % Ðdangerousness,€where€the€government€alleged€each€as€a€separate€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor.€Ð ”'0!& ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Davisóó,€912€F.€Supp.€938,€946€(E.D.€La.€1996),€òòaffððdóó,€132€F.3d€1454€(5th€Cir.Ð €("' Ð1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€523€U.S.€1034€(1998);€òòUnited€States€v.€Nguyenóó,€928€F.€Supp.€1525,€1543€(D.Ð l)#( ÐKan.€1996).€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Spiveyóó,€958€F.€Supp.€1523,€1535€(D.N.M.€1997),€the€courtÐ X*ô#) Ðrejected€defendantððs€contention€that€the€phrase€"low€rehabilitative€potential"€was€void€forÐ D+à$* Ðvagueness.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Davisóó,€912€F.€Supp.€at€946,€the€court€concluded€that,€while€theÐ 0,Ì%+ Ðphrase€was€too€vague€to€stand€on€its€own€as€a€separate€nonstatutory€aggravator,€it€could€be€usedÐ d Ðto€prove€future€dangerousness.Ð Pì Ðàà8.€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Nguyenóó,€928€F.€Supp.€1523,€1541„42€(D.€Kan.€1996),€the€courtÐ ²N Ðcautioned€the€government€that€the€evidence€it€submits€to€prove€lack€of€remorse€must€be€"moreÐ ž : Ðthan€mere€silence€.€.€.€and€it€may€not€implicate€[defendantððs]€constitutional€right€to€remain€silent."€Ð Š & ÐIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Davisóó,€912€F.€Supp.€938,€946€(E.D.€La.€1996),€òòaffððdóó,€132€F.3d€1454€(5th€Cir.Ð v Ð1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€523€U.S.€1034€(1998),€the€court€held€that€the€government€may€not€assert€lackÐ bþ Ðof€remorse€as€an€independent€nonstatutory€factor,€but€could€argue€it€as€probative€of€defendantððsÐ N ê Ðfuture€dangerousness.€€òòAccord€United€States€v.€Cooperóó,€91€F.€Supp.€2d€90,€113€(D.D.C.€2000).Ð :Ö Ðàà9.€€Mental€evaluation€evidence€may€also€be€mitigating,€and€the€jury€must€be€allowed€toÐ œ8 Ðgive€full€effect€to€it€as€such.€€òòPenry€v.€Johnsonóó,€532€U.S.€òò€€€€€óó,€___,€121€S.€Ct.€1910,€1920€(2001).Ð ˆ$ Ðàà10.€€òòSeeóó€Note€3,€òòsupraóó.Ð ê† Ðàà11.€€òòSeeóó€18€U.S.C.€ðððð€1510,€1512,€and€1513;€òòUnited€States€v.€Edelinóó,€134€F.€Supp.2d€59,Ð Lè Ð77€(D.D.C.€2001).€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Friendóó,€92€F.€Supp.2d€534,€537,€545€(E.D.€Va.€2000),€theÐ 8Ô Ðcourt€struck€the€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€that€defendant€discussed€killing€a€potentialÐ $À Ðwitness€after€the€murder€of€the€victim€because€it€did€not€meet€the€relevance€and€heightenedÐ ¬ Ðreliability€standards€required€under€the€FDPA€and€the€Supreme€Courtððs€death€penaltyÐ ü˜ Ðjurisprudence.)Ð è„ Ðàà12.€€òòSeeóó€Note€3,€òòsupraóóÐ Jæ Ðàà13.€€In€òòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808,€111€S.€Ct.€2597€(1991),€the€Supreme€CourtÐ ¬H Ðover‚ruled€its€prior€decisions€in€òòSouth€Carolina€v.€Gathersóó,€490€U.S.€805€(1989),€and€òòBooth€v.Ð ˜4 ÐMaryland,óó€482€U.S.€496€(1987),€and€held€that€the€victim's€personal€characteristics€and€the€impactÐ „ Ðof€the€murder€on€the€victim's€family€may€be€considered€in€capital€sentencing.€€Section€3593(a)(2)Ð p Ðstates€that:Ð \ø Ðà8àThe€factors€for€which€notice€is€provided€under€this€subsection€may€include€factorsÐ ¾Z Ðconcerning€the€effect€of€the€offense€on€the€victim€and€the€victim's€family,€and€mayÐ ª F Ðinclude€oral€testimony,€a€victim€impact€statement€that€identifies€the€victim€of€theÐ –!2! Ðoffense€and€the€extent€and€scope€of€the€injury€and€loss€suffered€by€the€victim€andÐ ‚"" Ðthe€victim's€family,€and€any€other€relevant€information.Ðn# #Ð Ð Ðààà` àIn€òòUnited€States€v.€Jonesóó,€132€F.3d€232,€251€(5th€Cir.€1998),€the€court€concludedÐ Ð$l% Ðthat€language€referring€to€the€victimððs€"young€age,€her€slight€stature,€her€background,€and€herÐ ¼%X& Ðunfamiliarity€with€San€Angelo,€Texas,"€where€the€crime€occurred,€"fail[ed]€to€guide€the€juryððsÐ ¨&D ' Ðdiscretion,€or€distinguish€this€murder€from€any€other€murder."€€The€court€also€noted€that€"theÐ ”'0!( Ðdistrict€court€offered€no€additional€instructions€to€clarify€the€meaning"€of€that€language.€€òòId.óó€€TheÐ €(") Ðcourt€concluded€that€submission€of€a€"victim€vulnerability"€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€inÐ l)#* Ðthese€circumstances€was€error,€but€that€the€error€was€harmless.€€òòId.óó€at€252.€€A€plurality€of€fourÐ X*ô#+ ÐJustices€of€the€Supreme€Court€disagreed,€concluding€that€because€the€victim€impact€aggravatorÐ D+à$, Ðdirected€the€jury€to€evidence€specific€to€the€case€before€it,€the€aggravator€was€not€overbroad€in€aÐ 0,Ì%- Ðway€that€offends€the€Constitution.€€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€373,€401„02€(1999).€€ThreeÐ d Ðof€the€Justices€agreed€with€the€lower€court.€€òòId.óó€at€420.€€Ð Pì Ðààà` àSeveral€Courts€of€Appeals€have€approved€the€admission€of€victim€impactÐ ²N Ðtestimony:€€òòUnited€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,€778„79€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€andÐ ž : Ðremanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653€(2002);€òòUnited€States€v.€Barnetteóó,€211€F.3d€803,Ð Š & Ð818„819€(4òòthóó€Cir.€2000);€òòUnited€States€v.€Hallóó,€152€F.3d€381€(5òòthóó€Cir.€1998),òòóó€òòabrogated€in€part€onÐ v Ðother€groundsóó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Martinez„Salazaróó,€528€U.S.€304€(2000);€òòUnited€States€v.€Websteróó,Ð bþ Ð162€F.3d€308€(5thòòóó€Cir.€1998)€(companion€case€to€òòHallóó,€same€result.€€Ô €· ÔòòId.óó€at€321);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð N ê ÐBattleóó,€173€F.3d€1343€(11òòthóó€Cir.€1999);€òòUnited€States€v.€McVeighóó,€153€F.3d€1166,€1218„23€(10òòthóóÐ :Ö ÐCir.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1007€(1999).€€The€Tenth€Circuit€in€òòMcVeighóó€found€victimÐ &Â Ðimpact€testimony€such€as€the€unique€qualities€of€the€victims,€the€witnessesðð€last€contacts€with€theÐ ® Ðvictims,€and€the€impact€of€learning€of€the€victimsðð€deaths€to€be€appropriate€under€òòPayne€v.Ð þš ÐTennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808€(1991).€€In€òòUnited€States€v.€Bernardóó,€299€F.3d€467,€478„79€(5òòthóó€Cir.Ð ê† Ð2002),€the€court€held€that€evidence€of€the€victimsðð€religious€beliefs,€and€of€the€victimsðð€parentsððÐ Ör Ðreliance€on€their€religious€beliefs€for€comfort,€were€not€unduly€prejudicial.€€The€court€in€òòBernardóóÐ Â^ Ðfound€other€evidence€introduced€during€the€victim€impact€portion€of€the€sentencing€phase€to€beÐ ®J Ðerror,€but€not€plain€error.€€òòId.óó€at€480„81.Ð š6 Ðààà` àFor€an€extensive€discussion€of€types€of€victim„impact€testimony€properly€admittedÐ ü˜ Ðin€the€circumstances€of€the€Oklahoma€City€bombing€case,€òòsee€United€States€v.€McVeighóó,€153Ð è„ ÐF.3d€at€1216„22òòóó.Ð Ôp Ðààà` àòòSeeóó€Note€3,€òòsupraóó.Ð 6Ò ÐÔ&&Ôà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ ˜4 ÐààThe€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€the€Constitution€allows€consideration€of€nonstatutoryÐ ú– Ðaggravating€factors€"relevant€to€the€character€of€the€defendant€or€the€circumstances€of€theÐ æ‚ ÐÔ'&˜øÔcrime[,]"€òòBarclay€v.€Floridaóó,€463€U.S.€939,€967€(1983),€after€at€least€one€statutory€aggravatingÐ Òn Ðfactor€that€narrows€the€class€of€defendants€eligible€for€the€death€penalty€is€found,€òòZant€v.Ð ¾Z ÐStephensóó,€462€U.S.€862,€878€(1983).€€In€òòTuilaepa€v.€Californiaóó,€512€U.S.€967,€976,€114€S.€Ct.Ð ª F Ð2630,€2637€(1994),€the€Supreme€Court€stated€that:Ð –!2 Ðà0àour€capital€jurisprudence€has€established€that€the€sentencer€should€consider€theÐ ø"”" Ðcircumstances€of€the€crime€in€deciding€whether€to€impose€the€death€penalty.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.,óóÐ ä#€# ÐòòWoodsonóó,€428€U.S.€at€304,€96€S.€Ct.,€at€2991€("consideration€of€.€.€.€the€circumstances€ofÐ Ð$l$ Ðthe€particular€offense€[is]€a€constitutionally€indispensable€part€of€the€process€of€inflictingÐ ¼%X% Ðthe€penalty€of€death").€€.€.€.€€We€would€be€hard€pressed€to€invalidate€a€jury€instruction€thatÐ ¨&D & Ðimplements€what€we€have€said€the€law€requires.€.€.€.€€The€circumstances€of€the€crime€are€aÐ ”'0!' Ðtraditional€subject€for€consideration€by€the€sentencer,€and€an€instruction€to€consider€theÐ €("( Ðcircumstances€is€neither€vague€nor€otherwise€improper€under€our€Eighth€AmendmentÐ l)#) Ðjurisprudence.ÐX*ô#*(#(# ÐààFurthermore,€as€the€court€stated€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Bin€Ladenóó,€126€F.€Supp.2d€290,€302Ð d Ð(S.D.N.Y.€2001):€€"Congress€allowed€for€the€admission€of€non„statutory€aggravating€factorsÐ Pì Ðprecisely€because€it€could€not€foresee€every€criminal€circumstance€that€might€arise."€€At€the€sameÐ <Ø Ðtime,€a€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€must€be€"sufficiently€indicative€of€a€defendantððs€disdainÐ ( Ä Ðfor€human€life"€to€warrant€its€submission€to€the€jury.€€òòId.óó€at€302„03.€€The€òòBin€Ladenóó€court€rejectedÐ ° Ðas€an€appropriate€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€that€defendants€disrupted€importantÐ œ Ðgovernmental€functions,€concluding€that€the€factor€was€"simply€not€sufficiently€indicative"€ofÐ ìˆ Ðdefendantsðð€disdain€for€human€life.€€òòId.óó€at€303.€€The€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Cuffóó,€38€F.€Supp.2dÐ Øt Ð282,€288„89€(S.D.N.Y.€1999),€rejected€as€a€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€that€firearms€had€beenÐ Ä ` Ðused€in€connection€with€the€homicides,€concluding€that€"use€of€a€firearm€does€not,€in€any€rationalÐ °L Ðsense,€make€a€homicide€worse."Ð œ8 ÐààThe€added€protections€of€written€notice€in€advance€of€trial€under€section€3593(a)€andÐ þš Ðproof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€under€section€3593(c),€which€are€not€required€for€sentencingÐ ê† Ðinformation€in€non-capital€cases,€are€intended€to€meet€the€constitutional€requirements€forÐ Ör Ð"heightened€procedural€safeguards"€in€capital€cases€to€ensure€fairness€and€consistency€in€theÐ Â^ Ðimposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€United€States€v.€Pretlowóó,€779€F.€Supp.€758,€770Ð ®J Ð(D.N.J.€1991)€(citing€òòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€604€(1978)).Ð š6 ÐààDefendants€typically€make€vagueness,€overbreadth,€and€duplication€challenges€to€nonƒÐ ü˜ Ðstatutory€aggravating€factors.€€As€to€vagueness,€Justice€Thomas,€joined€by€three€other€justices,Ð è„ Ðreiterated€recently€in€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€373,€400€(1999),€thatÐ Ôp Ðà0àEnsuring€that€a€sentence€of€death€is€not€so€infected€with€bias€or€caprice€is€our€"controllingÐ 6Ò Ðobjective€when€we€examine€eligibility€and€selection€factors€for€vagueness."€€òòTuilaepa€v.Ð "¾ ÐCaliforniaóó,€512€U.S.€967,€973,€114€S.€Ct.€2630,€129€L.€Ed.€2d€750€(1994).€€Our€vaguenessÐ ª Ðreview,€however,€is€"quite€deferential."€€òòIbidóó.€€As€long€as€an€aggravating€factor€has€a€coreÐ ú– Ðmeaning€that€criminal€juries€should€be€capable€of€understanding,€it€will€passÐ æ‚ Ðconstitutional€muster.€€òòIbidóó.ÐÒn(#(# ÐòòSee€also€Waltonòò€óóv.òò€óóArizonaóó,€497€U.S.€639,€655€(1990).€€šÐ 4 Ð ÐààAs€to€overbreadth,€Justice€Thomas,€joined€by€three€other€justices,€stated€in€òòJonesóó,€527Ð –!2 ÐU.S.€at€401,€with€reference€to€victim€vulnerability€and€victim€impact€factors:Ð ‚"! Ðà0àà` àWe€have€not€.€.€.€specifically€considered€what€it€means€for€a€factor€to€be€overbroadÐ ä#€# Ðwhen€it€is€important€only€for€selection€purposesòòòòóó€óóand€especially€when€it€sets€forth€victimÐ Ð$l$ Ðvulnerability€or€victim€impact€evidence.€.€.€.€€Even€though€the€concepts€of€victim€impactÐ À%\% Ðand€victim€vulnerability€may€well€be€relevant€in€every€case,€evidence€of€victimÐ ¬&H & Ðvulnerability€and€victim€impact€in€a€particular€case€is€inherently€individualized.€€AndÐ ˜'4!' Ðsuch€evidence€is€surely€relevant€to€the€selection€phase€decision,€given€that€the€sentencerÐ „( "( Ðshould€consider€all€of€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€in€deciding€whether€to€impose€theÐ p)#) Ðdeath€penalty.€€òòSee€Tuilaepaóó,€512€U.S.€at€976,€114€S.€Ct.€2630.€€Ð\*ø#*(#(# Ðà0àà` àWhat€is€of€common€importance€at€the€eligibility€and€selection€phases€is€that€"theÐ d Ðprocess€is€neutral€and€principled€so€as€to€guard€against€bias€or€caprice€in€the€sentencingÐ Pì Ðdecision."€€òòId.óó€at€973,€114€S.€Ct.€2630.€€So€long€as€victim€vulnerability€and€victim€impactÐ <Ø Ðfactors€are€used€to€direct€the€jury€to€the€individual€circumstances€of€the€case,€we€do€notÐ ( Ä Ðthink€that€principle€will€be€disturbed.Ð °(#(# ÐààAs€to€duplication,€Justice€Thomas,€joined€by€three€other€justices,€noted€in€òòJonesóó,€527€U.S.Ð v Ðat€398€that:Ð bþ Ðà0àWe€have€never€before€held€that€aggravating€factors€could€be€duplicative€so€as€to€renderÐ Ä ` Ðthem€constitutionally€invalid,€nor€have€we€passed€on€the€"double€counting"€theory€that€theÐ °L ÐTenth€Circuit€advanced€in€òòMcCullahóó€and€the€Fifth€Circuit€appears€to€have€followed€here.€Ð œ8 ÐWhat€we€have€said€is€that€the€weighing€process€may€be€impermissibly€skewed€if€theÐ ˆ$ Ðsentencing€jury€considers€an€invalid€factor.Ðt (#(# ÐJustice€Thomas€went€on€to€point€out€that,€even€accepting€for€the€sake€of€argument€the€duplicationÐ Ör Ðtheory,€in€òòJonesóó€the€factors€"as€a€whole€were€not€duplicativeð!ðat€best,€certain€evidence€wasÐ Â^ Ðrelevant€to€two€different€aggravating€factors."€€òòId.óó€at€399.€€Ð ®J ÐààWhether€a€particular€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€impermissibly€duplicates€one€of€theÐ ¬ Ðstatutory€aggravating€factors€is€an€issue€that€has€arisen€in€several€of€the€lower€courts.€€òòSeeÐ ü˜ Ðgenerallyóó€Committee€Comments€to€Instruction€4.03,€òòsupraóó;€òòUnited€States€v.€Bin€Ladenóó,€126€F.Ð è„ ÐSupp.2d€290,€298„99€(S.D.N.Y.€2001)€and€cases€therein€cited.€€In€òòBin€Ladenóó,€the€court€concludedÐ Ôp Ðthat€the€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€that€defendants€targeted€high€public€officials€of€theÐ À\ ÐUnited€States€serving€abroad€was€not€impermissibly€duplicative€of€the€statutory€aggravatingÐ ¬H Ðfactor€that€the€offense€involved€a€high€public€official.€€(Instruction€12.07N)€€òòId.óó€at€302.€€In€òòUnitedÐ ˜4 ÐStates€v.€Cooperóó,€91€F.€Supp.2d€90,€108„09€(D.D.C.€2000),€the€court€concluded€that€inclusion€ofÐ „ Ðseven€racketeering€acts€charged€in€the€indictment€and€found€by€the€jury€in€the€case€before€it€asÐ p Ðpart€of€the€"other€criminal€activity"€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€was€not€impermissiblyÐ \ø Ðduplicative.€€Ð Hä ÐààThe€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€1997€WL€534163,€*6€(N.D.€Ill.€Aug.€20,€1997),Ð ª F Ðrejected€defendantððs€contention€that€the€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€"vileness€of€the€crime"Ð –!2 Ðwas€impermissibly€duplicative€of€€the€statutory€aggravating€factor€"heinous,€cruel,€or€depravedÐ ‚"! Ðmanner€of€committing€the€offense."€€The€court€explained€thatÐ n# " Ðà0àstatutory€factors€narrow€the€class€of€defendants€eligible€for€the€death€penalty,€whereasÐ Ð$l$ Ðnon„statutory€factors€serve€the€separate€"individualizing"€function€that€ensures€the€"juryÐ ¼%X% Ð[has]€before€it€all€possible€relevant€information€about€the€individual€defendant€whose€fateÐ ¨&D & Ðit€must€determine."€€òòWalkeróó,€910€F.€Supp.€at€855€(quoting€òòJurek€v.€Texasóó,€428€U.S.€262,Ð ”'0!' Ð276€(1976)).€€There€is€no€reason€to€believe€that€by€choosing€one€factor€for€one€purposeÐ €("( ÐCongress€excluded€the€use€of€related€(and€even€broader)€factors€for€a€completely€separateÐ l)#) Ðpurpose.€€òòIdóó.;€òòSpiveyóó,€958€F.€Supp.€at€1534„35.ÐX*ô#*(#(# ÐààWhether€the€government€can€reallege€as€a€separate€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€one€orÐ d Ðmore€of€the€mental€states€listed€in€sections€3591(a)(2)(A)„(D)€is€also€currently€being€litigated.€Ð Pì ÐThe€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Nguyenóó,€928€F.€Supp.€1525,€1538„40€(D.€Kan.€1996),€rejectedÐ <Ø Ðdefendantððs€contention€that€to€do€so€would€result€in€impermissible€duplication.€€òòAccord€UnitedÐ ( Ä ÐStates€v.€Cooperóó,€91€F.€Supp.2d€90,€109„10€(D.D.C.€2000).€€The€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ° ÐChanthadaraóó,€928€F.€Supp.€1055,€1059€(D.€Kan.€1996),€held,€however,€that€the€governmentÐ œ Ðcould€not€submit€as€aggravating€factors€overlapping€mental€states€listed€in€sectionsÐ ìˆ Ð3591(a)(2)(A)„(D)€to€the€jury;€to€do€so€would€be€impermissibly€duplicative.€Ð Øt ÐààDefendants€have€argued€that€the€death€penalty€provisions€under€section€3591,€òòet€seq.óóÐ :Ö Ðimpermissibly€permit€the€prosecutor€to€define€and€the€jury€to€consider€non-statutory€aggravatingÐ &Â Ðfactors€in€violation€of€the€nondelegation€doctrine.€€This€contention€has€been€uniformly€rejectedÐ ® Ðby€courts€construing€this€statute€and€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848.€€òòSee€United€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3d€741,Ð þš Ð758„59€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€and€remanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653Ð ê† Ð(2002);€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3d€989,€1001€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000);€òòUnited€States€v.€Piteraóó,€795€F.Ð Ör ÐSupp.€546,€òòaffððdóó,€986€F.2d€499€(2d€Cir.€1992);€òòUnited€States€v.€Cooperóó,€754€F.€Supp.€617,€626,Ð Â^ Ðòòaffððdóó,€19€F.3d€1154€(7th€Cir.€1994).€Ð ®J ÐààDefendants€have€also€asserted€an€ex€post€facto€challenge.€€This€too€has€been€rejected.€Ð ¬ ÐThe€limited€function€of€nonstatutory€aggravating€factors€under€the€statute€does€not€change€eitherÐ ü˜ Ðthe€elements€of€the€crime€or€the€quantum€of€punishment€attached€to€the€crime;€thus,€there€is€noÐ è„ Ðviolation€of€the€ex€post€facto€clause€of€the€Constitution.€€òòSee€United€States€v.€Allenóó,€247€F.3dÐ Ôp Ð741,€759€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2001),€òòjudgment€vacated€and€remanded€on€other€groundsóó,€122€S.€Ct.€2653Ð À\ Ð(2002).€€òòSee€also€Miller€v.€Floridaóó,€482€U.S.€423,€430,€433€(1987)€(no€ex€post€facto€violation€if€aÐ ¬H Ðchange€does€not€increase€punishment€beyond€what€was€prescribed€when€the€crime€wasÐ ˜4 Ðcommitted);€òòWalton€v.€Arizonaóó,€497€U.S.€639,€648€(1990)€(even€statutory€"[a]ggravatingÐ „ Ðcircumstances€are€not€separate€penalties€or€offenses,€but€are€ððstandards€to€guide€the€making€ofÐ p Ð[the]€choice'€between€the€alternative€verdicts€of€death€and€life€imprisonment"€which€haveÐ \ø Ðotherwise€been€established€by€the€statute)€(quoting€òòPoland€v.€Arizonaóó,€476€U.S.€147,€156€(1986)).Ð Hä ÐààFinally,€defendants€have€contended€that€"the€lack€of€proportionality€review€combinedÐ ª F Ðwith€the€prosecutorððs€unrestrained€authority€to€allege€non„statutory€aggravating€factors"€rendersÐ –!2 Ðthe€Title€18€death€penalty€statute€unconstitutional.€€The€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Jonesóó,€132€F.3dÐ ‚" Ðat€240,€rejected€this€contention,€concluding€that€the€statute€"is€not€so€lacking€in€other€checks€onÐ n# ! Ðarbitrariness€that€it€fails€to€pass€constitutional€muster€for€lack€of€proportionality€review."€Ð Z$ö" ÐÖ€¹´ìýÖÓ €Óà@``ìàòòÔ Ô12.09€€MITIGATING€FACTORSÔna}IÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€ÓààBefore€you€may€consider€the€appropriate€punishment,€you€must€consider€whether€theÐ <Ø Ðdefendant€has€established€the€existence€of€[a]€[any]€mitigating€factor[s].€€A€mitigating€factor€is€aÐ ž : Ðfact€about€the€defendant's€life€or€character,€or€about€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€offense(s)Ð œ Ðthat€would€suggest,€in€fairness,€that€a€sentence€of€death€is€not€the€most€appropriate€punishment,Ð bþ Ðor€that€a€lesser€sentence€is€the€more€appropriate€punishment.Ð Ä ` ÐààUnlike€aggravating€factors,€which€you€must€unanimously€find€proved€beyond€aÐ &Â Ðreasonable€doubt€in€order€to€consider€them€in€your€deliberations,€the€law€does€not€requireÐ ˆ$ Ðunanimous€agreement€with€regard€to€mitigating€factors.€€òòAnyóó€juror€persuaded€of€the€existence€ofÐ ê† Ða€mitigating€factor€òòmustóó€consider€it€in€this€case.€€Further,€òòanyóó€juror€òòmayóó€consider€a€mitigatingÐ Lè Ðfactor€found€by€another€juror,€even€if€he€or€she€did€not€find€that€factor€to€be€mitigating.òò1óóÐ ®J ÐààIt€is€the€defendant's€burden€to€establish€any€mitigating€factors,€but€only€by€aÐ ¬ Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence.€€This€is€a€lesser€standard€of€proof€under€the€law€than€proofÐ r Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€A€factor€is€established€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€if€itsÐ Ôp Ðexistence€is€shown€to€be€more€likely€so€than€not€so.€€In€other€words,€a€preponderance€of€theÐ 6Ò Ðevidence€means€such€evidence€as,€when€considered€and€compared€with€that€opposed€to€it,Ð ˜4 Ðproduces€in€your€mind€the€belief€that€what€is€sought€to€be€established€is,€more€likely€than€not,Ð ú– Ðtrue.€€[In€Part€V€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form€relating€to€mitigating€factors,€you€are€asked€[,€butÐ \ø" Ðnot€required,]òò2óó€to€report€the€total€number€of€jurors€that€find€a€particular€mitigating€factorÐ ¾Z$ Ðestablished€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.]€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ !¼& Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ ‚"( Ðàà1.€€In€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€373,€377€(1999),€the€Supreme€Court€held€that€theÐ ä#€* Ðjury€may€consider€a€mitigating€factor€in€its€weighing€process€so€long€as€one€juror€accepts€theÐ Ð$l+ Ðfactor€as€mitigating€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€Ð ¼%X, Ðàà2.€€The€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Chandleróó,€996€F.2d€1073,€1087€(11th€Cir.€1993),€òòcert.Ð 'º . Ðdeniedóó,€512€U.S.€1227€(1994),€construed€similar€language€in€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(k)€as€requiring€thatÐ (¦!/ Ðthe€jury€be€informed€that€it€has€the€òòoptionóó€to€return€written€findings€as€to€mitigating€factors.€€TheÐ ö(’"0 ÐCommittee€recommends€that,€in€order€to€facilitate€appellate€review,€the€jury€be€required€to€makeÐ æ)‚#1 Ðwritten€findings€as€to€mitigating€factors.€€However,€if€the€defendant€objects€to€the€return€ofÐ Ò*n$2 Ðwritten€findings,€the€court€may€be€advised,€based€on€òòChandleróó,€to€give€the€jury€the€option.€€NoteÐ ¾+Z%3 Ðthat€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217€F.3d€989,€999,€n.6€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),€the€court€questions€whether€itÐ d Ðis€even€able€to€review€the€juryððs€findings€regarding€the€number€of€jurors€who€found€a€particularÐ Pì Ðmitigator,€because€the€FDPA€does€not€require€the€jury€to€make€special€findings€regardingÐ <Ø Ðmitigating€factors.€€Ð ( Ä Ðà@55!ìàòòCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ Š & ÐààThe€Constitution€requires€that€a€death€penalty€statute€must€permit€the€defendant€to€raiseÐ ìˆ Ðany€aspect€of€character€or€background€and€the€circumstances€of€the€offense€as€a€mitigating€factor.€Ð Øt ÐòòPenry€v.€Johnsonóó,€532€U.S.€òò€€€€€óó,€___,€121€S.€Ct.€1910,€1920€(2001);€òòPenry€v.€Lynaughóó,€492€U.S.Ð Ä ` Ð302,€319-28€(1989);€òòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€604€(1978).€€This€includes€a€wide€range€ofÐ °L Ðrelevant€factors.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€Johnson€v.€Texasóó,€509€U.S.€350,€367„68,€113€S.€Ct€2658,€2668-69Ð œ8 Ð(1993)€(lack€of€maturity€and€underdeveloped€sense€of€responsibility);€òòGraham€v.€Collinsóó,€506Ð ˆ$ ÐU.S.€461,€475„76,€113€S.€Ct.€892,€901-02€(1993)€(family€background€and€positive€characterÐ t Ðtraits);€òòPenry€v.€Lynaughóó,€492€U.S.€at€328€(mental€retardation€and€childhood€abuse);€òòSkipper€v.Ð `ü ÐSouth€Carolinaóó,€476€U.S.€1,€4€(1986)€(good€conduct€in€jail€between€arrest€and€trial);€òòEddings€v.Ð Lè ÐOklahomaóó,€455€U.S.€104,€115€(1982)€(youth€and€susceptibility€to€influence);€òòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€438Ð 8Ô ÐU.S.€at€607-08€(victim€involvement,€impaired€capacity,€and€substantial€duress,€coercion,€orÐ $À Ðprovocation).Ð ¬ ÐààIn€òòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€the€Court€cautioned€that€"[n]othing€in€this€opinion€limits€the€tradiƒÐ r Ðtional€authority€of€a€court€to€exclude,€as€irrelevant,€evidence€not€bearing€on€the€defendant'sÐ ^ú Ðcharacter,€prior€record,€or€the€circumstances€of€his€offense."€€438€U.S.€at€604€n.12.€€òòSeeÐ Jæ ÐCalifornia€v.€Brownóó,€479€U.S.€538,€542€(1987)€(holding€that€"mere€sympathy"€is€not€a€properÐ 6Ò Ðconsideration€in€determining€whether€to€impose€a€death€sentence);€òòUnited€States€v.€Edelinóó,€134€F.Ð "¾ ÐSupp.2d€59,€69€(D.D.C.€2001)€(holding€that,€while€race€in€and€of€itself€is€not€a€proper€mitigatingÐ ª Ðfactor,€"`the€òòeffectsóó€and€òòexperiencesóó€of€race€may€be€admissible,ðð"€(quoting€òòUnited€States€v.Ð ú– ÐWebsteróó,€162€F.3d€308,€356„57€(5òòthóó€Cir.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€528€U.S.€829€(1999)€(emphasis€inÐ æ‚ Ðoriginal)).òòóóÐ Òn ÐààThe€question€exists€whether€the€fact€that,€if€the€jury€does€not€impose€the€death€sentence,Ð 4 Ð Ðdefendant€must€be€sentenced€to€life€in€prison€without€the€possibility€of€parole,€is€a€mitigatingÐ !¼ Ðfactor.€€In€òòSimmons€v.€South€Carolinaóó,€512€U.S.€154,€156,€114€S.€Ct.€2187,€2190€(1994),€theÐ "¨ ÐSupreme€Court€held€that€where€a€defendant's€future€dangerousness€was€at€issue€and€the€onlyÐ ø"”! Ðsentencing€alternative€to€the€death€penalty€under€state€law€was€life€imprisonment€withoutÐ ä#€" Ðpossibility€of€parole,€due€process€required€that€the€sentencing€jury€be€informed€that€the€defendantÐ Ð$l# Ðwas€ineligible€for€parole.€€The€Court€reiterated€that€holding€in€òòShafer€v.€South€Carolinaóó,€532€U.S.Ð ¼%X$ Ð36,€51,€121€S.€Ct.€1263,€1273€(2001).€€However,€the€court€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Chandleróó,€996€F.2dÐ ¨&D % Ð1073,€1086€(11th€Cir.€1993),€held€that€the€"possibility"€of€receiving€a€sentence€of€lifeÐ ”'0!& Ðimprisonment€without€parole€is€not€a€relevant€mitigating€factor),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€512€U.S.€1227Ð €("' Ð(1994);€òòaccord€Byrne€v.€Butleróó,€845€F.2d€501,€507€(5th€Cir.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€487€U.S.€1242€(1988).Ð l)#( ÐààEvidence€of€mitigating€factors,€like€that€of€aggravating€factors,€may€be€consideredÐ Î*j$* Ðregardless€of€admissibility€under€the€Federal€Rules€of€Evidence,€except€where€its€probative€valueÐ º+V%+ Ðis€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€of€theÐ d Ðjury.€€18€U.S.C.ðð3593(c).€€(Under€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(j),€evidence€is€admissible€except€where€itsÐ Pì Ðprobative€value€is€òòsubstantiallyóó€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.)Ð <Ø ÐààBoth€21€U.S.C.€ðð€848(k)€and€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3593(d)€provide€that€any€mitigating€factor€mayÐ ž : Ðbe€considered€without€limitation€by€the€jury.€€In€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€373,€377Ð Š & Ð(1999),€the€Supreme€Court€indicated€that€òòallóó€jurors€may€consider€a€mitigating€factor€found€by€anyÐ v Ðjuror.€€No€special€finding€or€unanimous€verdict€--€or€even€a€vote€--€is€required.€€òòSee€McKoy€v.Ð bþ ÐNorth€Carolinaóó,€494€U.S.€433€(1990)€(statutory€requirement€for€unanimous€finding€as€toÐ N ê Ðmitigating€factors€violated€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments);€òòMills€v.€Marylandóó,€486€U.S.Ð :Ö Ð367€(1988)€(death€sentence€reversed€because€the€instructions€and€verdict€form€could€beÐ &Â Ðinterpreted€as€precluding€jury€consideration€of€any€mitigating€factor€in€the€absence€of€unanimousÐ ® Ðagreement).Ð þš ÐÖ€»¹ìþÖÓ €Óà@\\ìàòòÔ Ô12.10€€MITIGATING€FACTORS€ENUMERATED€ˆÐ d Ðà@zz ìà(18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(a))Ôea oÔóóˆÐ Pì ÐÌÓ€ÓààThe€mitigating€factors€which€the€defendant€asserts€he€has€proved€by€a€preponderance€ofÐ ( Ä Ðthe€evidence€are:€€(Include€any€of€the€following€applicable€mitigating€factors)Ð Š & Ðà0à1.à` à[Defendant's]€capacity€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€or€toÐ ìˆ Ðconform€his€conduct€to€the€requirements€of€the€law€was€significantly€impaired,€regardlessÐ N ê Ðof€whether€his€capacity€was€so€impaired€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ð°L(#(# Ðà0à2.à` à[Defendant]€was€under€unusual€and€substantial€duress,€regardless€of€whether€theÐ ® Ðduress€was€of€such€a€degree€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ðt(#(# Ðà0à3.à` à[Defendant]€is€punishable€as€a€principal€in€the€offense,€which€was€committed€byÐ Ör Ðanother,€but€his€participation€was€relatively€minor,€regardless€of€whether€the€participationÐ 8Ô Ðwas€so€minor€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ðš6(#(# Ðà0à4.à` àAnother€defendant€or€defendants,€equally€culpable€in€the€crime,€will€not€beÐ ü˜ Ðpunished€by€death.Ð^ú(#(# Ðà0à5.à` à[Defendant]€does€not€have€a€significant€prior€history€of€other€criminal€conduct.ÐÀ\(#(# Ðà0à6.à` à[Defendant]€committed€the€offense€under€severe€mental€or€emotional€disturbance.Ð"¾(#(# Ðà0à7.à` àThe€victim€consented€to€the€criminal€conduct€that€resulted€in€the€victim's€death.Ð„ (#(# Ðà0à[8.à` à[Defendant]€demonstrated€severe€learning€problems€in€school,€which€led€toÐ æ‚! Ðacademic€failure,€increased€frustration,€and€eventual€dropout,€and€those€problems€tend€toÐ Hä# Ðindicate€that€defendant€should€not€be€sentenced€to€death.]òò1óóÐª F%(#(# ÐààYou€are€permitted€to€consider€òòanythingóó€else€about€the€commission€of€the€crime€or€aboutÐ "¨' Ð[defendant's]€background€or€character€that€would€mitigate€against€imposition€of€the€deathÐ n# ) Ðpenalty.€€If€there€are€any€such€mitigating€factors,€whether€or€not€specifically€argued€by€defenseÐ Ð$l+ Ðcounsel,€which€are€established€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€you€are€free€to€consider€themÐ 2&Î- Ðin€your€deliberations.Ð ”'0!/ ÐààIn€Part€V€on€Page€òò€€€€€€óó€of€the€Special€Verdict€Form,€you€are€[asked]€to€identify€anyÐ ö(’"1 Ðmitigating€factors€that€any€one€of€you€finds€has€been€proved€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÐ X*ô#3 Ð[,€but€you€are€not€required€to€do€so]òò2óó.€€Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ º+V%5 Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ d Ðàà1.€€To€avoid€jury€confusion€in€the€event€that€a€juror€concludes€that€the€facts€supporting€theÐ Æb Ðmitigator€have€been€proved€but€does€not€consider€those€facts€to€be€mitigating,€each€mitigatingÐ ²N Ðfactor€falling€within€the€"catch„all"€section€3592(a)(8)€provision€should€include€language€that€theÐ ž : Ðfactor€is€mitigating€as€that€term€is€defined€in€Instruction€12.01.Ð Š & Ðàà2.€€òòSeeóó€Note€1,€Instruction€12.09,€òòsupraóó.€Ð ìˆ ÐÔ&*Ôòòà@55!ìàCommittee€CommentsóóˆÐ N ê ÐààòòSource:óó€€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3593(d).€€òòSee€Penry€v.€Lynaughóó,€492€U.S.€302,€319-28€(1989);Ð °L ÐòòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€604,€607-08€(1978);€òòUnited€States€v.€Chandleróó,€996€F.2d€1073,Ð < ÐÔ'*N c}Ô1086-88€(11th€Cir.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€512€U.S.€1227€(1994);€òòUnited€States€v.€Piteraóó,€795€F.Ð Œ( ÐSupp.€546,€564€(E.D.N.Y.),€òòaff'dóó,€986€F.2d€499€(2d€Cir.€1992).€€òòSee€also€Johnson€v.€Texasóó,€509Ð x ÐU.S.€350,€367„68,€113€S.€Ct€2658,€2668-69€(1993);€òòGraham€v.€Collinsóó,€506€U.S.€461,€475„76,Ð d Ð113€S.€Ct.€892,€901-02€(1993);€òòSkipper€v.€South€Carolinaóó,€476€U.S.€1,€4€(1986);€òòEddings€v.€OklaƒÐ Pì Ðhomaóó,€455€U.S.€104,€115€(1982).Ð <Ø ÐààMany€factors,€both€aggravating€and€mitigating,€may€be€factually€true,€and€yet€not€beÐ ž: Ðperceived€by€a€juror€as€aggravating€or€mitigating.€€For€instance,€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Paulóó,€217Ð Š& ÐF.3d€989,€1000€(8òòthóó€Cir.€2000),€one€of€the€mitigating€factors€submitted€to€the€jury€was€the€factÐ v Ðthat€defendant€was€eighteen€when€he€committed€the€offense.€€The€court€found€no€error€in€theÐ bþ Ðfailure€of€six€jurors€to€find€his€age€as€mitigating,€concluding€that€a€juror€is€not€required€to€giveÐ Nê Ðmitigating€effect€to€any€factor.€€òòAccord€United€States€v.€Bernardóó,€299€F.3d€467,€485„86€(5òòthóó€Cir.Ð :Ö Ð2002).€€To€prevent€confusion,€the€Committee€suggests€that€nonstatutory€aggravating€andÐ &Â Ðmitigating€factors€include€some€version€of€the€phrase€"and€that€fact€tends€to€[support]€[mitigate]Ð ® Ðimposition€of€the€death€penalty."€€òòSeeóó€Note€4,€Instruction€12.08,€òòsupraóó.€Ð þš ÐÖ€½»ìÿÖÓ €Óà@ ìàòòÔ Ô12.11€€WEIGHING€AGGRAVATION€AND€MITIGATIONÔeaJ†ÔóóˆÐ d ÐÌÓ€ÓààIf€you€find€unanimously€and€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€[that€defendant€was€eighteenÐ <Ø Ðyears€of€age€or€older€when€he€committed€the€offenses;]€that€he€acted€with€the€requisite€intent;€andÐ ž : Ðthat€the€government€proved€the€existence€of€at€least€one€statutory€aggravating€factor;€and€afterÐ œ Ðyou€then€determine€whether€the€government€proved€the€existence€of€the€nonstatutory€aggravatingÐ bþ Ðfactors€submitted€to€you,€and€whether€the€defendant€proved€the€existence€of€any€mitigatingÐ Ä ` Ðfactors,€you€will€then€engage€in€a€weighing€process.òò1óó€€In€determining€the€appropriate€sentence,€allÐ &Â Ðof€you€must€weigh€the€aggravating€factor€or€factors€that€you€unanimously€found€to€exist€--Ð ˆ$ Ðwhether€statutory€or€nonstatutory€„€and€each€of€you€must€weigh€any€mitigating€factor(s)€that€youÐ ê† Ðindividually€found€to€exist,€and€may€weigh€any€mitigating€factor(s)€that€[another]€[others]€of€yourÐ Lè Ðfellow€jurors€found€to€exist.€€In€engaging€in€the€weighing€process,€you€must€avoid€any€influenceÐ ®J Ðof€passion,€prejudice,€or€undue€sympathy.€€Your€deliberations€should€be€based€upon€the€evidenceÐ ¬ Ðyou€have€seen€and€heard€and€the€law€on€which€I€have€instructed€you.Ð r ÐààAgain,€whether€or€not€the€circumstances€in€this€case€justify€a€sentence€of€death€is€aÐ Ôp Ðdecision€that€the€law€leaves€entirely€to€you.Ð 6Ò ÐààThe€process€of€weighing€aggravating€and€mitigating€factors€against€each€other€[orÐ ˜4 Ðweighing€aggravating€factors€alone,€if€there€are€no€mitigating€factors,]€in€order€to€determine€theÐ ú– Ðproper€punishment€is€not€a€mechanical€process.€€In€other€words,€you€should€not€simply€count€theÐ \ø" Ðnumber€of€aggravating€[and€mitigating]€factors€and€reach€a€decision€[based€on€which€number€isÐ ¾Z$ Ðgreater];€you€should€consider€the€weight€and€value€of€each€factor.Ð !¼& ÐààThe€law€contemplates€that€different€factors€may€be€given€different€weights€or€values€byÐ ‚"( Ðdifferent€jurors.€€Thus,€you€may€find€that€one€mitigating€factor€outweighs€all€aggravating€factorsÐ ä#€* Ðcombined,€or€that€the€aggravating€factor(s)€proved€[does]€[do]€not,€standing€alone,€justifyÐ F%â, Ðimposition€of€a€sentence€of€death.€€If€one€or€more€of€you€so€find,€you€must€return€a€sentence€ofÐ ¨&D . Ðlife€in€prison€without€possibility€of€release€[or€a€lesser€sentence€to€be€determined€by€the€court].€Ð (¦!0 ÐSimilarly,€you€may€unanimously€find€that€a€particular€aggravating€factor€sufficiently€outweighsÐ l)#2 Ðall€mitigating€factors€combined€to€justify€a€sentence€of€death.€€You€are€to€decide€what€weight€orÐ Î*j$4 Ðvalue€is€to€be€given€to€a€particular€aggravating€or€mitigating€factor€in€your€decision-makingÐ d Ðprocess.€€Ð Æb ÐààIf€you€unanimously€conclude€that€the€aggravating€factor€or€factors€found€to€existÐ ( Ä Ðsufficiently€outweigh€any€mitigating€factor€or€factors€which€any€of€you€found€to€exist€to€justify€aÐ Š & Ðsentence€of€death,€[or€in€the€absence€of€any€mitigating€factors,€that€the€aggravating€factor€orÐ ìˆ Ðfactors€alone€are€sufficient€to€justify€a€sentence€of€death],€and€that€therefore€death€is€theÐ N ê Ðappropriate€sentence€in€this€case,€you€must€record€your€determination€that€a€sentence€of€deathÐ °L Ðshall€be€imposed€in€Section€[V]€[VI](a),€on€[Page€òò€€€€óó€of]€the€Special€Verdict€Form.€Ð ® Ð[Continue€with€Option€A€or€Option€B,€as€appropriate]Ð t ÐààòòOption€Aóó:€To€be€given€if€the€statute€requires€that€the€sentence€be€death€or€lifeÐ Ör Ðimprisonment€without€possibility€of€parole:€€Ð >Ú ÐààIf€you€determine€that€death€is€not€justified,€you€must€complete€Section€[V]€[VI](a)€of€theÐ < ÐSpecial€Verdict€Form,€and€you€must€then€record€your€determination€that€defendant€be€sentencedÐ ž Ðto€life€imprisonment€without€possibility€of€releaseòò2óó€in€Section€[V]€[VI](b)on€[Page€òò€€€€óó€of]€theÐ d ÐSpecial€Verdict€Form.]€Ð Æb ÐààòòOption€Bóó:€To€be€given€if€the€statute€allows€a€sentence€less€than€life€imprisonmentÐ (Ä Ðwithout€possibility€of€release:€€€Ð , ÐààIf€you€determine€that€death€is€not€justified,€you€must€complete€Section€[V]€[VI](a)€of€theÐ òŽ" ÐSpecial€Verdict€Form,€and€then€determine€whether€the€appropriate€punishment€is€life€in€prisonÐ Tð$ Ðwithout€possibility€of€release.€€Record€that€determination€in€Section€[V]€[VI](b)on€[Page€òò€€€€óó€of]Ð ¶ R& Ðthe€Special€Verdict€Form.]€€If€you€do€not€return€a€punishment€of€death€or€life€imprisonmentÐ "´( Ðwithout€possibility€of€release,€the€court€must€sentence€the€defendant€to€a€lesser€punishment€asÐ z#* Ðprovided€by€law.€€[That€sentence€may€or€may€not€be€life€imprisonment.]€[There€is€no€parole€inÐ Ü$x, Ðthe€Federal€system.]Ó€ÓÓ €ÓÐ >&Ú. Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóšˆÐ ' ÐÌàà[1(B)€€Do€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ f Ðreasonable€doubt€that€(the€defendant)€intentionally€inflicted€serious€bodily€injury€which€resultedÐ Èd Ðin€the€death€of€(name€of€victim).]Ð *Æ Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð Œ( Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð îŠ ÐòòÓ€Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð Pì ÐóóForepersonÓ€ÓÐ <Ø ÐÌàà[1(C)€€Do€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ œ Ðreasonable€doubt€that€(the€defendant)€intentionally€participated€in€an€act,€contemplating€that€theÐ bþ" Ðlife€of€a€person€would€be€taken€òòand/oróó€intending€that€lethal€force€would€be€used€in€connectionÐ Ä`$ Ðwith€a€person,€other€than€one€of€the€participants€in€the€offense,€and€the€victim€(name€of€victim)Ð &!Â& Ðdied€as€a€direct€result€of€the€act.]€€€Ð ˆ"$( Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð ê#†* Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð L%è, ÐòòÓ€Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ®&J . ÐóóForepersonÐ š'6!/ ÐÓ€ÓÌàà[1(D)€€Do€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ è)„#2 Ðreasonable€doubt€that€(the€defendant)€intentionally€and€specifically€engaged€in€an€act€of€violence,Ð J+æ$4 Ðknowing€that€the€act€created€a€grave€risk€of€death€to€a€person,€other€than€one€of€the€participants€inÐ d Ðthe€offense,€such€that€participation€in€the€act€constituted€a€reckless€disregard€for€human€life€andÐ Æb Ðthe€victim€(name€of€victim)€died€as€a€direct€result€of€the€act.]Ð ( Ä Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð Š & Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð ìˆ ÐòòÓ€Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð N ê ÐóóForepersonÓ€ÓÐ :Ö ÐÌààòòInstructionsóó:€€If€you€answered€"NO"€with€respect€to€[all€of]€the€determination[s]€in€thisÐ þš Ðsection,€then€stop€your€deliberations,€cross€out€Sections€[II],€III,€IV,€[and]€V€[and€VI]€of€thisÐ `ü Ðform,€and€proceed€to€Section€[VI]€[VII].€€Each€juror€should€carefully€read€the€statement€inÐ Â^ ÐSection€[VI]€[VII],€and€sign€in€the€appropriate€place€if€the€statement€accurately€reflects€theÐ $À Ðmanner€in€which€he€or€she€reached€his€or€her€decision.€€You€should€then€advise€the€€court€thatÐ †" Ðyou€have€reached€a€decision.Ð è„ ÐààIf€you€answered€"YES"€with€respect€to€[one€or€more€of]€the€determination[s]€in€thisÐ Jæ ÐSection€[I]€[II],€proceed€to€Section€[II]€[III]€which€follows.Ð ¬H ÐÌòòàà[II]€[III].€€òòSTATUTORY€AGGRAVATING€FACTORSóóÐ p! ÐóóààòòInstructionsóó:€€[For€each€of€the€following,]€[A]nswer€"YES"€or€"NO."€[List€all€aggravatingÐ Òn# Ðfactors€supported€by€the€evidence,€using€the€language€contained€in€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(c)(1)„(16);Ð 4 Ð% Ðthe€following€are€examples]:Ð –!2' Ðàà1.à` àDo€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ ø"”) Ðreasonable€doubt€that€(the€defendant)€[procured€the€commission€of€the€offense€by€paymentÐ Z$ö+ Ð[promise€of€payment]€of€anything€of€pecuniary€value],€as€set€out€in€Instruction€No.€___?Ð ¼%X- Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð 'º / Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð €("1 ÐòòÓ€Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ â)~#3 ÐForepersonÓ€ÓÐ Î*j$4 ÐÐ 0,Ì%6 Ðàà2.à` àDo€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ d Ðreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€committed€the€offense€of€(name€of€offense)€after€substantialÐ Æb Ðplanning€and€premeditation€[to€cause€the€death€of€a€person]€[commit€an€act€of€terrorism],€as€setÐ ( Ä Ðout€in€Instruction€No.€òò€€€€óó?Ð Š & Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð ìˆ Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð N ê Ðòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ó€ÓÐ °L ÐóóÓ€ÓForepersonÐ œ8 ÐÌààòòInstructionsóó:€€If€you€answered€"NO"€with€respect€to€[all€of]€the€Statutory€AggravatingÐ `ü ÐFactor[s]€in€this€Section€[II]€[III],€then€stop€your€deliberations,€cross€out€Sections€[III],€IV,€[and]Ð Â^ ÐV€[and€VI]€of€this€form,€and€proceed€to€Section€[VI]€[VII]€of€this€form.€€Each€juror€should€thenÐ $À Ðcarefully€read€the€statement€in€Section€[VI]€[VII],€and€sign€in€the€appropriate€place€if€theÐ †" Ðstatement€accurately€reflects€the€manner€in€which€he€or€she€reached€his€or€her€decision.€€YouÐ è„ Ðshould€then€advise€the€court€that€you€have€reached€a€decision.Ð Jæ ÐààIf€you€found€[the€requisite€age€in€Section€I],€the€requisite€mental€state€in€Section€[I]€[II]Ð ¬H Ðand€answered€"Yes"€with€respect€to€[one€or€more€of]€[the]€aggravating€factor[s]€in€this€SectionÐ ª Ð[II]€[III],€€proceed€to€Section€[III]€[IV]€which€follows.€€Ð p! ÐÌÔ&&Ôòòàà[III]€[IV].€€òòNON-STATUTORY€AGGRAVATING€FACTORSóóÐ 4 Ð% ÐóóààòòInstructionsóó:€€[For€each€of€the€following,]€[A]nswer€"YES"€or€"NO."€[List€all€non‚statutory€Ð –!2' Ðaggravating€factors€supported€by€the€Ô'&4 |Ôevidence;€the€following€is€an€example:Ð ø"”) Ðàà1.€€Do€you,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€government€has€established€beyond€aÐ Z$ö+ Ðreasonable€doubt€that€(the€defendant)€caused€[DESCRIBE€THE€IMPACT€OF€THE€KILLINGÐ ¼%X- ÐON€THE€VICTIMððS€FAMILY],€and€that€this€factor€tends€to€support€imposition€of€the€deathÐ 'º / Ðpenalty?]òò2óóÐ €("1 Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð â)~#3 Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð D+à$5 Ðòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ó€ÓÐ d ÐóóÓ€ÓForepersonÐ Pì ÐÌààòòInstructionsóó:€€Regardless€of€whether€you€answered€"YES"€or€"NO"€with€respect€to€theÐ ° ÐNon-Statutory€Aggravating€Factor[s]€in€this€Section€[III]€[IV],€proceed€to€Section€[IV]€[V],Ð v Ðwhich€follows.Ð Øt ÐÌòòàà[IV]€[V].€€òòMITIGATING€FACTORSóóÐ œ8 ÐóóààòòInstructionsóó:€€For€each€of€the€following€mitigating€factors,€[you€have€the€option€to]Ð þš Ðindicate,€in€the€space€provided,€the€number€of€jurors€who€have€found€the€existence€of€thatÐ `ü Ðmitigating€factor€to€be€proven€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€[If€you€choose€not€to€makeÐ Â^ Ðthese€written€findings,€cross€out€each€page€of€Section€V€with€a€large€"X"€and€then€continue€yourÐ $À Ðdeliberations€in€accordance€with€the€instructions€of€the€court.]Ð †" ÐààA€finding€with€respect€to€a€mitigating€factor€may€be€made€by€one€or€more€of€the€membersÐ è„ Ðof€the€jury,€and€any€member€of€the€jury€who€finds€the€existence€of€a€mitigating€factor€mayÐ Jæ Ðconsider€such€a€factor€established€in€considering€whether€or€not€a€sentence€of€death€shall€be€imƒÐ ¬H Ðposed,€regardless€of€the€number€of€other€jurors€who€agree€that€the€factor€has€been€established.€Ð ª ÐFurther,€any€juror€may€also€weigh€a€mitigating€factor€found€by€another€juror,€even€if€he€or€she€didÐ p! Ðnot€also€find€that€factor€to€be€mitigating:€€Ð Òn# Ðàà[List€only€those€mitigating€factors€for€which€evidence€has€been€offered,€using€the€lanƒÐ 4 Ð% Ðguage€contained€in€18€U.S.C.€ðð€3592(a)(1)„(7);€the€following€are€examples]Ð –!2' Ðàà1.€€(The€defendant)'s€capacity€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€or€to€conformÐ ø"”) Ðhis€conduct€to€the€requirements€of€the€law€was€significantly€impaired,€regardless€of€whether€theÐ Z$ö+ Ðcapacity€was€so€impaired€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ð ¼%X- ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð €("1 ÐÐ â)~#3 Ðàà2.à` à(The€defendant)€was€under€unusual€and€substantial€duress,€regardless€of€whetherÐ d Ðthe€duress€was€of€such€a€degree€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ð Æb ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð Š & ÐÌàà3.à` à(The€defendant)€is€punishable€as€a€principal€in€the€offense,€which€was€committedÐ N ê Ðby€another,€but€the€defendantððs€participation€was€relatively€minor,€regardless€of€whether€theÐ °L Ðparticipation€was€so€minor€as€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€charge.Ð ® ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð Ör ÐÌàà[Submit€section€3592(a)(8)€factors€in€accordance€with€the€following€example:€€Ð š6 ÐÌàà4.€€Defendant€demonstrated€severe€learning€problems€in€school,€which€led€to€academicÐ ^ú Ðfailure,€increased€frustration,€and€eventual€dropout,€and€those€problems€tend€to€indicate€thatÐ À\ Ðdefendant€should€not€be€sentenced€to€death.òò3óóÐ "¾ ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.]Ð æ‚" ÐÌàà[List€additional€section€3592(a)(8)€factor(s)€in€[the€defendant]'s€background€or€character,Ð ª F& Ðthe€circumstances€of€the€crime(s),€or€other€relevant€fact€or€circumstance€as€mitigation:Ð "¨( ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð Ð$l, Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð 2&Î. ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð ö(’"2 ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð º+V%6 Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð d ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð ( Ä Ðàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð Š & Ð€________________________________________________________________.Ð ìˆ ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.]Ð °L ÐÌààThe€following€extra€spaces€are€provided€to€write€in€additional€mitigating€factors,€if€any,Ð t Ðfound€by€any€one€or€more€jurors.€€If€none,€write€"NONE"€and€line€out€the€extra€spaces€with€aÐ Ör Ðlarge€"X."€€If€more€space€is€needed,€write€"CONTINUED"€and€use€the€reverse€side€of€this€page.Ð 8Ô ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð ü˜ Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð ^ú ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð "¾ ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð æ‚" Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð Hä$ ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð "¨( ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð Ð$l, Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð 2&Î. ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð ö(’"2 ÐÌàà__.€€_______________________________________________________Ð º+V%6 Ð________________________________________________________________.Ð d ÐÌààNumber€of€jurors€who€so€find€__________.Ð ( Ä ÐÌààòòInstructionsóó:€€[Regardless€of€whether€€you€chose€to€make€written€findings€for€theÐ ìˆ ÐMitigating€Factors€in€Section€[IV]€[V]€above,€]€[P][p]roceed€to€Section€[V]€[VI]€and€Section€[VI]Ð N ê Ð[VII]€which€follow.Ð °L ÐÌààòò[V]€[VI]óó.€€òòòòDETERMINATIONóóóóÐ t ÐààBased€upon€consideration€of€whether€the€aggravating€factor[s]€found€to€exist€sufficientlyÐ Üx Ðoutweigh€any€mitigating€factor€or€factors€found€to€exist,€or€in€the€absence€of€any€mitigatingÐ >Ú Ðfactors,€whether€the€aggravating€factor[s]€[is]€[are]€[itself]€[themselves]€sufficient€to€justify€aÐ < Ðsentence€of€death,€and€whether€death€is€therefore€the€appropriate€sentence€in€this€case:Ð ž ÐÌòòA.€€Death€SentenceóóÐ Æb ÐààWe€determine,€by€unanimous€vote,€that€a€sentence€of€death€shall€be€imposed.Ð (Ä Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð Š& Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð ìˆ" ÐIf€you€answer€"YES,"€the€foreperson€must€sign€€here,€and€you€must€then€proceed€to€Section€[VI]Ð Nê$ Ð[VII].€€If€you€answer€"NO,"€the€foreperson€must€sign,€and€you€must€then€proceed€to€Section€[V]Ð ° L& Ð[VI](B):Ð "®( Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààà______________________________Ð t#* Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀàààFOREPERSONÐ Ö$r, ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Date:€€________€__,€____Ð š'6!0 ÐÌÌòòB.€€Sentence€of€Life€in€Prison€Without€Possibility€of€ReleaseóóÐ À+\%6 Ð‡ààWe€determine,€by€unanimous€vote,€that€a€sentence€of€life€€imprisonment€withoutÐ d Ðpossibility€of€release€shall€be€imposed.Ð Æb Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð ( Ä Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð Š & ÐIf€you€answer€"YES,"€the€foreperson€must€sign€here,€and€then€you€must€proceed€to€Section€[VI]Ð ìˆ Ð[VII].€€[If€you€answer€"NO,"€the€foreperson€must€sign,€and€you€must€proceed€to€Section€[V]Ð N ê Ð[VI](C)]€:Ð °L Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààà______________________________Ð ® Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀàààFOREPERSONÐ t ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Date:€€________€__,€____Ð 8Ô ÐÌÐ ü˜ ÐòòC.€€€Lesser€Sentence.óóÐ d ÐÌààWe€recommend,€by€unanimous€vote,€that€a€sentence€lesser€than€death€or€lifeÐ ( Ä Ðimprisonment€without€possibility€of€release€shall€be€imposed.Ð Š & Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàYES€__________Ð ìˆ Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààààpàNO€€__________Ð N ê ÐIf€you€answer€"YES,"€€the€foreperson€must€sign€here,€and€then€you€must€proceed€to€Section€[VI]Ð °L Ð[VII]:Ð ® ÐÓ€Óààà` àà¸ààààhààÀààà______________________________Ð t Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀàààFOREPERSONÐ `ü ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Date:€€________€__,€____]Ð 8Ô Ðòòàà[VI]€[VII].€€òòCERTIFICATIONóóÐ d ÐóóÌÓ€ÓààBy€signing€below,€each€juror€certifies€that€consideration€of€the€race,€color,€religiousÐ <Ø Ðbeliefs,€national€origin,€or€sex€of€the€defendant€or€[the]€[any]€victim€was€not€involved€in€reachingÐ ž : Ðhis€or€her€individual€decision,€and€that€the€individual€juror€would€have€made€the€sameÐ œ Ðrecommendation€regarding€a€sentence€for€the€crime€or€crimes€in€question€regardless€of€€the€race,Ð bþ Ðcolor,€religious€beliefs,€national€origin,€or€sex€of€the€defendant,€or€the€victim(s).€Ð Ä ` Ð______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð &Â Ð______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð ˆ$ Ð______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð ê† Ð______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð Lè Ð______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð ®J ÐÓ€Ó______________________________€€€€€______________________________Ð ¬ Ðààà` àà¸ààààhààÀàààFOREPERSONÐ ü˜ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Date:€€________€__,€_____Ó €ÓÐ Ôp Ðà@ÇÇ$ìàòòNotes€on€UseóóˆÐ 6Ò Ðàà1.€€The€Committee€again€suggests€that,€to€avoid€any€concern€over€"stacking€the€deck"€inÐ ˜4 Ðfavor€of€the€death€penalty,€the€court€instruct€only€on€those€mental€states€clearly€supported€by€theÐ „ Ðevidence.€€òòSeeóó€Note€2,€Instruction€12.06,€òòsupraóó.€Ð p Ðàà2.€€Each€nonstatutory€aggravating€factor€should€include€language€that€the€factor€tends€toÐ Òn! Ðsupport€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.Ð ¾Z" Ðàà3.€€Each€section€3592(a)(8)€mitigating€factor€should€include€language€that€the€factor€isÐ !¼$ Ðmitigating€as€defined€in€Instruction€12.01,€òòsupraóó.Ð "¨% ÐÔS<ìVÔÔ TS ÔÔ†ÿÿÔÔ†XÿÿÔÔ ÔÔUSÔÔ TS Ô